Bio 1108 testbank with all question and
answers updated ||2025/2026|| A SCORE
Nonvascular plants(Bryophytes) - answers -Bryophyta; Hepatophyta; Anthocerophyta
-NO leaves, true roots, no vascular tissue
-Gametophytes are dominant generation
-Gametophytes are visible and above ground
Phylum Hepatophyta - answers Liverworts: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stem,
and leaves, and reproduce through spores.
-Setae present; stomata absent
-Large group(9,000 species)
-Tiny sporophytes
Examples of Bryophytes - answers mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta - answers -Mosses: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stems, and
leaves, and reproduce through spores.
-Setae and Stomata is present
-Large group(15,000 species)
-Grow in diverse habitats
Phylum Anthocerophyta - answers Hornworts; lack vascular tissue; gametophytes look
like liverworts but send up a tiny moss-like sporophyte; closely related to mosses
-Symbiotic with 2 types of cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen
-Small group(100 species)
-Stomata present; setae absent
Seedless Vascular Plants - answers -Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by
spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)
-Well developed vascular
tissue; true tissues, leaves
and roots
-Xylem and phloem
-Sporophylls
Sporophylls - answers modified leaves that bear sporangia
Xylem - answers vascular tissue that carries water and other nutrients upward from the
roots to every part of a plant(smaller than phloem)
Phloem - answers the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other
metabolic products downward from the leaves(bigger than xylem)
,Lycophyta - answers -Club mosses(homosporous), spike mosses(heterosporous),
quillworts(heterosporous)
-In some species, sporophylls
are clustered into club-shaped
cone called a strobilus
-12,000 species
Homosporous - answers 1 type of sporangium producing 1 type of spore
Heterosporous - answers A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of
spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that
develop into female gametophytes.
Monilophyta - answers -Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
-Most species are homosporous
Ferns - answers -Most widespread of group
-Possess megaphylls
Horsetails - answers -Jointed plants
-Small rings of leaves or branches encircle stem
Whisk Ferns - answers -Living fossils
-Lack true roots and stems
-Mainly tropical epiphytes
Seed Plants - answers Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seed Plant Characteristics - answers -has seeds and reduced gametophytes
-heterosporous
-ovules and pollen
-monophyletic(descended from a common ancestor but not shared with any other
group)
Gymnosperms - answers A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than
seeds enclosed in fruits("Naked Seeds")
Examples of Gymnosperms - answers Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes, Conifers
Cycads - answers thrived during age of dinosaurs; 130 extant species; subtropical and
tropical distribution
Cycadophyta characteristics - answers large cones
palm-like leaves with needles
flagellated sperm
,Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta) - answers female cone
Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta) - answers male cone
Ginkgos (Ginkgo biloba) - answers single living species; maidenhair tree
Ginkgophyta Characteristics - answers -fan-shaped leaves
-separate male(pollen cones) and female(fruit-like ovules)trees
-flagellated sperm
-deciduous leaves
-dioecious
-tolerates air pollution well
-male trees typically planted
Gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta) - answers vary in appearance; three genera:
Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra; tropical and desert species; cones
Gnetum - answers -35 species, tropical
-broad opposite leaves
-compound strobili
-found in Asia an Africa
Welwitschia - answers -grows in desert areas
-life span of 1,000 years
-ovulate cones
Ephedra - answers has medicinal properties
Coniferophyta(Conifers) - answers -largest phylum(600 species)
-pines, junipers, firs, cedars
-many are evergreen(Sequoia, Wollemi pine, Eastern hemlock)
Characteristics of Conifers - answers -needle or scale-like leaves
-male and female cones on same tree
-most are evergreens
Female conifer cone - answers Ovulate cone
(megasporangium or megasporophyll---->megaspore---->female gametophyte---->eggs)
Male conifer cone - answers Staminate cone
(microsporangium or microsporophyll---->microspore---->male gametophyte---->sperm)
Angiosperms - answers A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective
chamber called an ovary; produce seeds in fruit
Types of Angiosperms - answers -Basal Angiosperms
, -Magnoliids
-Monocots
-Eudicots
Angiosperm Characteristics - answers -Flowers with up to 4 floral organs
-Seeds contained within fruits(fleshy-peaches or dry-nuts)
-Life cycle with double fertilization
-Pollinated by animals or wind
Monocot Characteristics - answers -One cotyledon(first embryonic leaf)
-Leaf venation: parallel veins
-Fibrous roots with no main root
-Floral parts: multiples of three; ex. 3 flower petals
-scattered vascular tissue
Eudicot Characteristics - answers -Two cotyledons
-Leaf venation: branching or net-like veins
-tap(main root)
-Floral parts: multiples of 4 or 5; ex. 4 flower petals
-Ring-arranged vascular tissue
Floral organs - answers Sepal; Petal; Stamen; Carpel; Receptacle; Ovule
Sterile floral organs - answers -Sepals: usually green, enclose flower before
opening(sometimes fused)
-Petals: brightly colored, attract pollinators
Reproducing floral organs - answers -Stamen(filament and anther): microsporophylls;
produce microspores that develop into pollen grains that contain male gametophytes
-Carpels(style, stigma, ovary, and ovule): megasporophylls; produce megaspores and
female gametophytes
Aggregate fruit - answers develops from a merger of multiple ovaries
Simple fruit - answers develops from a single carpel or fused carpels of a single ovary
Multiple fruit - answers develops from the ovaries of individual flowers in an
inflorescence
Fungi and characteristics - answers -Absorptive heterotrophs; most are
saprobes(derives nourishment from nonliving or decaying material)
-Spores produced sexually and asexually
-cell walls made of chitin
-hyphae present
answers updated ||2025/2026|| A SCORE
Nonvascular plants(Bryophytes) - answers -Bryophyta; Hepatophyta; Anthocerophyta
-NO leaves, true roots, no vascular tissue
-Gametophytes are dominant generation
-Gametophytes are visible and above ground
Phylum Hepatophyta - answers Liverworts: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stem,
and leaves, and reproduce through spores.
-Setae present; stomata absent
-Large group(9,000 species)
-Tiny sporophytes
Examples of Bryophytes - answers mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta - answers -Mosses: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stems, and
leaves, and reproduce through spores.
-Setae and Stomata is present
-Large group(15,000 species)
-Grow in diverse habitats
Phylum Anthocerophyta - answers Hornworts; lack vascular tissue; gametophytes look
like liverworts but send up a tiny moss-like sporophyte; closely related to mosses
-Symbiotic with 2 types of cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen
-Small group(100 species)
-Stomata present; setae absent
Seedless Vascular Plants - answers -Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by
spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)
-Well developed vascular
tissue; true tissues, leaves
and roots
-Xylem and phloem
-Sporophylls
Sporophylls - answers modified leaves that bear sporangia
Xylem - answers vascular tissue that carries water and other nutrients upward from the
roots to every part of a plant(smaller than phloem)
Phloem - answers the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other
metabolic products downward from the leaves(bigger than xylem)
,Lycophyta - answers -Club mosses(homosporous), spike mosses(heterosporous),
quillworts(heterosporous)
-In some species, sporophylls
are clustered into club-shaped
cone called a strobilus
-12,000 species
Homosporous - answers 1 type of sporangium producing 1 type of spore
Heterosporous - answers A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of
spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that
develop into female gametophytes.
Monilophyta - answers -Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
-Most species are homosporous
Ferns - answers -Most widespread of group
-Possess megaphylls
Horsetails - answers -Jointed plants
-Small rings of leaves or branches encircle stem
Whisk Ferns - answers -Living fossils
-Lack true roots and stems
-Mainly tropical epiphytes
Seed Plants - answers Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seed Plant Characteristics - answers -has seeds and reduced gametophytes
-heterosporous
-ovules and pollen
-monophyletic(descended from a common ancestor but not shared with any other
group)
Gymnosperms - answers A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than
seeds enclosed in fruits("Naked Seeds")
Examples of Gymnosperms - answers Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes, Conifers
Cycads - answers thrived during age of dinosaurs; 130 extant species; subtropical and
tropical distribution
Cycadophyta characteristics - answers large cones
palm-like leaves with needles
flagellated sperm
,Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta) - answers female cone
Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta) - answers male cone
Ginkgos (Ginkgo biloba) - answers single living species; maidenhair tree
Ginkgophyta Characteristics - answers -fan-shaped leaves
-separate male(pollen cones) and female(fruit-like ovules)trees
-flagellated sperm
-deciduous leaves
-dioecious
-tolerates air pollution well
-male trees typically planted
Gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta) - answers vary in appearance; three genera:
Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra; tropical and desert species; cones
Gnetum - answers -35 species, tropical
-broad opposite leaves
-compound strobili
-found in Asia an Africa
Welwitschia - answers -grows in desert areas
-life span of 1,000 years
-ovulate cones
Ephedra - answers has medicinal properties
Coniferophyta(Conifers) - answers -largest phylum(600 species)
-pines, junipers, firs, cedars
-many are evergreen(Sequoia, Wollemi pine, Eastern hemlock)
Characteristics of Conifers - answers -needle or scale-like leaves
-male and female cones on same tree
-most are evergreens
Female conifer cone - answers Ovulate cone
(megasporangium or megasporophyll---->megaspore---->female gametophyte---->eggs)
Male conifer cone - answers Staminate cone
(microsporangium or microsporophyll---->microspore---->male gametophyte---->sperm)
Angiosperms - answers A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective
chamber called an ovary; produce seeds in fruit
Types of Angiosperms - answers -Basal Angiosperms
, -Magnoliids
-Monocots
-Eudicots
Angiosperm Characteristics - answers -Flowers with up to 4 floral organs
-Seeds contained within fruits(fleshy-peaches or dry-nuts)
-Life cycle with double fertilization
-Pollinated by animals or wind
Monocot Characteristics - answers -One cotyledon(first embryonic leaf)
-Leaf venation: parallel veins
-Fibrous roots with no main root
-Floral parts: multiples of three; ex. 3 flower petals
-scattered vascular tissue
Eudicot Characteristics - answers -Two cotyledons
-Leaf venation: branching or net-like veins
-tap(main root)
-Floral parts: multiples of 4 or 5; ex. 4 flower petals
-Ring-arranged vascular tissue
Floral organs - answers Sepal; Petal; Stamen; Carpel; Receptacle; Ovule
Sterile floral organs - answers -Sepals: usually green, enclose flower before
opening(sometimes fused)
-Petals: brightly colored, attract pollinators
Reproducing floral organs - answers -Stamen(filament and anther): microsporophylls;
produce microspores that develop into pollen grains that contain male gametophytes
-Carpels(style, stigma, ovary, and ovule): megasporophylls; produce megaspores and
female gametophytes
Aggregate fruit - answers develops from a merger of multiple ovaries
Simple fruit - answers develops from a single carpel or fused carpels of a single ovary
Multiple fruit - answers develops from the ovaries of individual flowers in an
inflorescence
Fungi and characteristics - answers -Absorptive heterotrophs; most are
saprobes(derives nourishment from nonliving or decaying material)
-Spores produced sexually and asexually
-cell walls made of chitin
-hyphae present
