Microbiology Quiz 1 & 2 Questions and Answers

Microbiology Quiz 1 & 2 Questions and Answers Diversity of Microbiology -Organismal Diversity -Microbial processes or functions -Biomedical microbiology -Applied microbiology Organismal Diversity -Bacteria -Archaea -Viruses -Fungi -Algae -Protozoa -Multicellular Parasites Bacteria -Study of bacteria termed bacteriology -Diverse group of prokaryotic cells -5*10/30 bacteria worldwide (5 million trillion trillion) -Life on earth would be impossible without bacteria -Very, very few bacteria are pathogens Staphylococcus aureus -causes major skin disorders -including scalded skin syndrome Archaea -also prokaryotic cells -inhabit extreme environments -termed extremophiles The Five Kingdom System Animals Plants Fungi Protists Prokaryotes The Three Domains -Developed by Carl Woese -Based primarily on differences in rRNA structure Other Differences that exist: -Membrane lipid structure -tRNA structure -Presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall -Sensitivity to antibiotics The Three Domains -Eukarya: plants, animals, fungi, and protists -Eubacteria: Gram Positive and Negative bacteria and mycoplasmas -Archaea: thermoacidophiles, halophiles, methanogens Three Major Groups of Archaea Usual metabolism -Hyperthermophiles -Methanogens -Extreme Halophiles (high salt concentration) Viruses -Study termed "virology" -Acellular -Structurally simple: protein and nucleic acid -Obligate intracellular parasites Fungi -Study called "mycology" -Eukaryotic (true nucleus) -Major decomposers of organic matter -Have caused more than 70% of the recorded global and regional extinctions Diverse groups of organisms: -Yeasts -Molds -Mushrooms Algae -Study called "phycology" -Photosynthetic eukaryotes Protozoa -Study called "protozoology" -Unicellular eukaryotic microbes -Many are parasitic Multicellular Parasites -Not strictly microorganisms -Grouped into two major groups *Helminths: flatworms and roundworms *Arthropods: mosquitoes, ticks and fleas -Study of termed "parasitology" Processes and Functions -Microbial Metabolism -Microbial Genetics -Microbial Ecology Microbes have an enormous effect on our phenotype, physiology and health Immunology the study of all aspects of the immune system Epidemiology the study of the spread and prevalence of a disease Etiology the study of the causation of a disease or a condition and the identification of it Infection Control a sub-disipline of epidemiology in which the prevention of infection is the main concern Chemotherapy the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances Applied Microbiology Food microbiology Enviornmental Industrial Pharmaceutical Recombinant DNA technology Early History of Microbiology Found throughout the bible Historically Significant Events: Plagues The Black Death (the "Plague") Smallpox Tuberculosis Measles Typhus Cholera Influenza Etc. The Black Death Spread through sewage and rat population. Miasma Theory: theory that diseases such as the Black Death, cholera and chlamydia were caused by bad air Cholera water-borne disease Infection of the small intestine that causes watery diarrhea Venereal Diseases a disease typically contracted by sexual contact with an already infected person The Conquest of the Americas 90% of the indigenous population died from diseases such as smallpox The Irish Potato Famine Potato crop (staple crop of Ireland) destroyed Military Wars the spread of disease in many wars such as the Civil War and Napoleons trek into Russia caused more deaths than the actual fighting Leading Cause of Death in the 1900s Pneumonia/influenza Tuberculosis Diarrhea Heart Disease Cerebrovascular Leading Cause of Death in the 1990s Heart Disease Neoplasms Cerebrovascular COPD Pneumonia/Influenza Early History of Microbiology 1. Observations of Microorganisms 2. Golden Age of Microbiology -Pasteur -Koch -Others Anthony van Leeuwenhoek Dutch Cloth Merchant Discovered "animalcules" Reported discovery to Royal Society of London Failed to share his expertise in microscopy