BIO 311C FINAL EXAM Comprehensive assessment test questions with
100% correct answers 2025
Terms in this set (153)
promoter, operator, coordinately related cluster of genes
operons consist of:
whose products function in a common pathway
are human genes organized in no
operons?
responses caused by --response may be relaxation of muscles through a G-protein pathway
epinephrine binding to receptor --other triggers contraction of muscles by opening calcium ion channels
insulin receptor is what type of tyrosine kinase
receptor?
where is tRNA made? nucleus
--H+ pump creates H+ gradient
explain sucrose-H+ co-transporter --as H+ moves down its gradient through the co-transporter,
energy from that moves sucrose against its gradient also
through the co-transporter
what determines the net direction solutes (water follows solute, moving from low solute
of water movement across a semi- concentration to high solute concentration)
permeable
membrane?
advantages of using second --small molecules, so easier to make
messengers instead of another --can diffuse around cytoplasm
protein
1. end-product feedback inhibition: tryptophan can bind to an
earlier enzyme in the pathway in order to stop further
2 ways bacteria can turn off
production
tryptophan pathway?
2. gene regulation: tryptophan acts as a co-repressor and binds to inactive
repressor; the now-active repressor binds to operator to end
further transcription of trp operon
--active cAMP changed to AMP (phosphodiesterase)
examples of keeping signal
--excess calcium ions cleared from cytosol
transduction pathways under
--phosphatase enzymes inactivate proteins
control (3)
, (ex. could be: base substitution)
silent mutation results in triplet codon that codes for same amino acid as before
and would not affect functionality of protein
specialized cells have different sets of control proteins to turn
by what means could a gene be
on only certain genes; all genes are present in every cell, but
active in one cell type and
transcription factors and activator proteins
inactive in another?
vary; also different control proteins
membrane protein that transports 2 different substances in
antiport
opposite directions (ex: Na/K pump)
--20 different amino acids
early arguments supporting
--great variety in shapes
protein as the genetic material
--known to control cell reactions
tRNA function carries amino acids to ribosome for translation
why can't eukaryotes do coupled --nucleus is barrier separating the processes
transcription and translation? --eukaryotes do RNA processing (splicing out introns, etc.)
passive protein channel in which water can pass through and go
aquaporin
into cell (faster way for water to cross than simple diffusion,
larger amounts of water can pass through)
early arguments --doubles before cell replication
supporting DNA as genetic --4 different nucleotides
material
introns noncoding segments of mRNA that are cut out
activator proteins-- binding --bind to enhancer (in eukaryotes) and promoter (in prokaryotes)
location and effect ? --greatly increase the rate of transcription
K+ channels open, allowing efflux of K+ (down its gradient),
repolarization
makes outside cell more positive and inside more negative
multiple codons can code for the same amino acid (but codons can
meaning of redundant code
only code for one amino acid each)
100% correct answers 2025
Terms in this set (153)
promoter, operator, coordinately related cluster of genes
operons consist of:
whose products function in a common pathway
are human genes organized in no
operons?
responses caused by --response may be relaxation of muscles through a G-protein pathway
epinephrine binding to receptor --other triggers contraction of muscles by opening calcium ion channels
insulin receptor is what type of tyrosine kinase
receptor?
where is tRNA made? nucleus
--H+ pump creates H+ gradient
explain sucrose-H+ co-transporter --as H+ moves down its gradient through the co-transporter,
energy from that moves sucrose against its gradient also
through the co-transporter
what determines the net direction solutes (water follows solute, moving from low solute
of water movement across a semi- concentration to high solute concentration)
permeable
membrane?
advantages of using second --small molecules, so easier to make
messengers instead of another --can diffuse around cytoplasm
protein
1. end-product feedback inhibition: tryptophan can bind to an
earlier enzyme in the pathway in order to stop further
2 ways bacteria can turn off
production
tryptophan pathway?
2. gene regulation: tryptophan acts as a co-repressor and binds to inactive
repressor; the now-active repressor binds to operator to end
further transcription of trp operon
--active cAMP changed to AMP (phosphodiesterase)
examples of keeping signal
--excess calcium ions cleared from cytosol
transduction pathways under
--phosphatase enzymes inactivate proteins
control (3)
, (ex. could be: base substitution)
silent mutation results in triplet codon that codes for same amino acid as before
and would not affect functionality of protein
specialized cells have different sets of control proteins to turn
by what means could a gene be
on only certain genes; all genes are present in every cell, but
active in one cell type and
transcription factors and activator proteins
inactive in another?
vary; also different control proteins
membrane protein that transports 2 different substances in
antiport
opposite directions (ex: Na/K pump)
--20 different amino acids
early arguments supporting
--great variety in shapes
protein as the genetic material
--known to control cell reactions
tRNA function carries amino acids to ribosome for translation
why can't eukaryotes do coupled --nucleus is barrier separating the processes
transcription and translation? --eukaryotes do RNA processing (splicing out introns, etc.)
passive protein channel in which water can pass through and go
aquaporin
into cell (faster way for water to cross than simple diffusion,
larger amounts of water can pass through)
early arguments --doubles before cell replication
supporting DNA as genetic --4 different nucleotides
material
introns noncoding segments of mRNA that are cut out
activator proteins-- binding --bind to enhancer (in eukaryotes) and promoter (in prokaryotes)
location and effect ? --greatly increase the rate of transcription
K+ channels open, allowing efflux of K+ (down its gradient),
repolarization
makes outside cell more positive and inside more negative
multiple codons can code for the same amino acid (but codons can
meaning of redundant code
only code for one amino acid each)
