Samenvatting Bouwmaterialen en Milieu
Inhoud
1.1 Construction materials .................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3
1.1.2 Atomic structure ....................................................................................... 3
1.1.3 Bonding ................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Sustainability .................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 Building process ...................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Environ impact categories ........................................................................ 8
2. Week 2 ................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Construction Materials .................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Atomic arrangements ............................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Metallic Crystal Structures...................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Basic Crystallography............................................................................ 11
2.2.4 Crystal Imperfections ............................................................................. 13
2.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Explanation LCA .................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Calculating the ECI ................................................................................ 17
3. Week 3 .............................................................................................................. 20
3.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 20
3.2.3 Mechanical testing of materials .............................................................. 25
3.2.4 Hardness ............................................................................................... 26
3.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Low impact energy ................................................................................. 28
3.2.2 Natural elements.................................................................................... 30
4. Week 4 .............................................................................................................. 34
4.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 34
4.1.1 Introduction to failure and fatigue ........................................................... 34
,5. Week 5 .............................................................................................................. 37
5.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 37
5.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 37
5.1.2 Phase Compositions and microstructures ............................................... 38
5.1.3 Ferrous alloys in civil engineering ........................................................... 40
5.1.4 Pig, cast, wrought and iron ..................................................................... 41
5.1.5 Steel ...................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 44
5.2.1 Environmental impact of concrete .......................................................... 44
6. Week 6 .............................................................................................................. 45
6.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 45
6.1.1 Natural Rocks ........................................................................................ 45
6.1.2 Aggregates ............................................................................................ 47
6.1.3 Cement.................................................................................................. 50
6.1.4 Hydration of cement ............................................................................... 51
6.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 56
6.2.1 Circular Building..................................................................................... 56
6.2.2 Nature and biodiversity: ......................................................................... 59
7. Week 7 .............................................................................................................. 62
7.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 62
7.1.1 Concrete mix design .............................................................................. 62
7.1.2 Types of concrete .................................................................................. 62
7.1.3 Fresh concrete ....................................................................................... 62
7.1.4 Hardened concrete ................................................................................ 64
7.1.5 Chemical admixtures ............................................................................. 65
7.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 67
7.2.1 The Triple-Green design and build concept............................................. 67
,1. Week 1
1.1 Construction materials
1.1.1 Introduction
Intrinsic properties= exist inherently, don’t depend on the amount of matter (density, thermal
expansion coefficient, elasticity modulus)
Extrinsic properties= depend on the amount / size (strength, mass, volume, pressure)
In civil engineering material performance refers to:
- Mechanical performance: fulfilling mechanical requirements.
- Durability performance: resisting adverse environmental effects
during its service life.
- Sustainability: having minimum impact on the environment
during material production and utilization.
Choosing materials is about the greenest, most economical type, considering the initial cost,
life and maintenance. Materials will be used if: they are cheap, available (high quantity) and
sustainable. The way a material behaves will determine it’s application.
Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m.
1.1.2 Atomic structure
Atomic number = amount of p+, characterizes annatom.
Atomic mass = sum of p+ and n, not an exact number but the average of the elements
present in nature. The mass of an electron is significantly lower.
Isotopes = difference in the amount of neutrons, if n>>p+ the isotope is unstable.
Around the nucleus is an electron cloud, we assume that the electrons are in different energy
levels (rings), Each ring / shell contains a different amount of electrons (k,l,m…). The
arrangement of electrons is called
Ions= the aim of atoms is to fill the outer (valence) shell with 8 electrons. To reach this they
tend to lose or gain electrons.
- Cation= a positive ion, radius gets smaller.
- Anion= a negative ion, radius gets bigger.
Ionizations energy = the energy needed to remove an electron.
1.1.3 Bonding
Bonds happen in different ways with different strengths.
, Strong bonds:
- Metallic = these bonds are formed by metal ions, atoms have tendencies to lose
electrons and so they pack together as cations and the electrons can move freely
between the ions.
- Ionic = these bonds are the simplest and are formed by donating / accepting an
electron, caused by the attraction between ions of opposite charge.
- Covalent = these bonds are formed because ions share electrons, the bonds are
formed in preferred orientations. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
Electronegativity = the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.
- Nonpolar covalent: 0 < EN < 0.5
- Polar covalent: 0.5 < EN < 1.6
- Ionic bond: 1.6 < EN < 2.0 (only if it’s with a metal otherwise polar).
Chemical polarity = separation of electric charge, these molecules are called polar or dipoles.
The partial negative and positive side aren’t on 1 line, the angle isn’t 180 but 109,5.
Many compounds are a combination between a non-metallic and a metallic ion, they have a
mixture of covalent and ionic-bonds. As the EN rises the bonding becomes more ionic. The
part of the binding that is covalent can be estimated from the following equation:
- Fraction covalent = e(-0,25(EN)^2)
- Fraction ionic= 1 – fraction covalent.
Weak bonds:
- VDW- bond = it’s the result of Coulombic attraction between the positive end and the
negative end. They form upon charge separation in molecules due to polarity, the
bonds are intermolecular. There are different types:
o Dipole-dipole forces, they occur between polar molecules, which have a
permanent dipole due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms in
the molecule. This results in one end of the molecule having a slight positive
charge and the other end having a slight negative charge. The positive end of
one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule, resulting in
a dipole-dipole interaction. The strength of dipole-dipole interactions depends
on the polarity of the molecules; the greater the difference in electronegativity,
the stronger the interaction.
o London dispersion forces = weakest type of bond, is temporary and occur
between all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar. These forces arise due to
the temporary fluctuations in the electron cloud of a molecule, which can
induce a temporary dipole in a neighbouring molecule. This results in a weak,
temporary attraction between the two molecules. The strength of London
dispersion forces increases with the size and shape of the molecules involved;
larger, more complex molecules have a greater number of electrons and a
larger electron cloud, leading to stronger dispersion forces.
o Hydrogen bond = forms hydrogen bridges, only between H, N, O, F atoms.
These are the strongest intermolecular bonds.
Two strands of large molecules can bond due to hydrogen bonds, they create polymers. Two
strands of nylon-6,6 polymer are shown; each strand is showing two repeating units.
Hydrogen bonding, highlighted in red, can form between amide groups in different strands.
Inhoud
1.1 Construction materials .................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3
1.1.2 Atomic structure ....................................................................................... 3
1.1.3 Bonding ................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Sustainability .................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 Building process ...................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Environ impact categories ........................................................................ 8
2. Week 2 ................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Construction Materials .................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Atomic arrangements ............................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Metallic Crystal Structures...................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Basic Crystallography............................................................................ 11
2.2.4 Crystal Imperfections ............................................................................. 13
2.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Explanation LCA .................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Calculating the ECI ................................................................................ 17
3. Week 3 .............................................................................................................. 20
3.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 20
3.2.3 Mechanical testing of materials .............................................................. 25
3.2.4 Hardness ............................................................................................... 26
3.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Low impact energy ................................................................................. 28
3.2.2 Natural elements.................................................................................... 30
4. Week 4 .............................................................................................................. 34
4.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 34
4.1.1 Introduction to failure and fatigue ........................................................... 34
,5. Week 5 .............................................................................................................. 37
5.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 37
5.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 37
5.1.2 Phase Compositions and microstructures ............................................... 38
5.1.3 Ferrous alloys in civil engineering ........................................................... 40
5.1.4 Pig, cast, wrought and iron ..................................................................... 41
5.1.5 Steel ...................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 44
5.2.1 Environmental impact of concrete .......................................................... 44
6. Week 6 .............................................................................................................. 45
6.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 45
6.1.1 Natural Rocks ........................................................................................ 45
6.1.2 Aggregates ............................................................................................ 47
6.1.3 Cement.................................................................................................. 50
6.1.4 Hydration of cement ............................................................................... 51
6.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 56
6.2.1 Circular Building..................................................................................... 56
6.2.2 Nature and biodiversity: ......................................................................... 59
7. Week 7 .............................................................................................................. 62
7.1 Bouwmaterialen ........................................................................................... 62
7.1.1 Concrete mix design .............................................................................. 62
7.1.2 Types of concrete .................................................................................. 62
7.1.3 Fresh concrete ....................................................................................... 62
7.1.4 Hardened concrete ................................................................................ 64
7.1.5 Chemical admixtures ............................................................................. 65
7.2 Milieu ........................................................................................................... 67
7.2.1 The Triple-Green design and build concept............................................. 67
,1. Week 1
1.1 Construction materials
1.1.1 Introduction
Intrinsic properties= exist inherently, don’t depend on the amount of matter (density, thermal
expansion coefficient, elasticity modulus)
Extrinsic properties= depend on the amount / size (strength, mass, volume, pressure)
In civil engineering material performance refers to:
- Mechanical performance: fulfilling mechanical requirements.
- Durability performance: resisting adverse environmental effects
during its service life.
- Sustainability: having minimum impact on the environment
during material production and utilization.
Choosing materials is about the greenest, most economical type, considering the initial cost,
life and maintenance. Materials will be used if: they are cheap, available (high quantity) and
sustainable. The way a material behaves will determine it’s application.
Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m.
1.1.2 Atomic structure
Atomic number = amount of p+, characterizes annatom.
Atomic mass = sum of p+ and n, not an exact number but the average of the elements
present in nature. The mass of an electron is significantly lower.
Isotopes = difference in the amount of neutrons, if n>>p+ the isotope is unstable.
Around the nucleus is an electron cloud, we assume that the electrons are in different energy
levels (rings), Each ring / shell contains a different amount of electrons (k,l,m…). The
arrangement of electrons is called
Ions= the aim of atoms is to fill the outer (valence) shell with 8 electrons. To reach this they
tend to lose or gain electrons.
- Cation= a positive ion, radius gets smaller.
- Anion= a negative ion, radius gets bigger.
Ionizations energy = the energy needed to remove an electron.
1.1.3 Bonding
Bonds happen in different ways with different strengths.
, Strong bonds:
- Metallic = these bonds are formed by metal ions, atoms have tendencies to lose
electrons and so they pack together as cations and the electrons can move freely
between the ions.
- Ionic = these bonds are the simplest and are formed by donating / accepting an
electron, caused by the attraction between ions of opposite charge.
- Covalent = these bonds are formed because ions share electrons, the bonds are
formed in preferred orientations. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
Electronegativity = the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.
- Nonpolar covalent: 0 < EN < 0.5
- Polar covalent: 0.5 < EN < 1.6
- Ionic bond: 1.6 < EN < 2.0 (only if it’s with a metal otherwise polar).
Chemical polarity = separation of electric charge, these molecules are called polar or dipoles.
The partial negative and positive side aren’t on 1 line, the angle isn’t 180 but 109,5.
Many compounds are a combination between a non-metallic and a metallic ion, they have a
mixture of covalent and ionic-bonds. As the EN rises the bonding becomes more ionic. The
part of the binding that is covalent can be estimated from the following equation:
- Fraction covalent = e(-0,25(EN)^2)
- Fraction ionic= 1 – fraction covalent.
Weak bonds:
- VDW- bond = it’s the result of Coulombic attraction between the positive end and the
negative end. They form upon charge separation in molecules due to polarity, the
bonds are intermolecular. There are different types:
o Dipole-dipole forces, they occur between polar molecules, which have a
permanent dipole due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms in
the molecule. This results in one end of the molecule having a slight positive
charge and the other end having a slight negative charge. The positive end of
one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule, resulting in
a dipole-dipole interaction. The strength of dipole-dipole interactions depends
on the polarity of the molecules; the greater the difference in electronegativity,
the stronger the interaction.
o London dispersion forces = weakest type of bond, is temporary and occur
between all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar. These forces arise due to
the temporary fluctuations in the electron cloud of a molecule, which can
induce a temporary dipole in a neighbouring molecule. This results in a weak,
temporary attraction between the two molecules. The strength of London
dispersion forces increases with the size and shape of the molecules involved;
larger, more complex molecules have a greater number of electrons and a
larger electron cloud, leading to stronger dispersion forces.
o Hydrogen bond = forms hydrogen bridges, only between H, N, O, F atoms.
These are the strongest intermolecular bonds.
Two strands of large molecules can bond due to hydrogen bonds, they create polymers. Two
strands of nylon-6,6 polymer are shown; each strand is showing two repeating units.
Hydrogen bonding, highlighted in red, can form between amide groups in different strands.
