Phonetics and pronunciation
General American complete document
Created by Tessa Kikkert, student at Windesheim university of applied science
2021
“
This document has been created using extensive research on the matter of GA pronunciation and IPA
transcription. It includes phonetic rules,reference material and illustrates the differences between GA
and RP transcription. This document has been written by Tessa Kikkert, C2 proficient in American
English. For questions or comments regarding the information provided in this document, please
contact T. Kikkert at .
”
,Table of contents
Table of contents 1
IPA chart GA 2
IPA : placement 4
American and transcription 5
Schwa /ə/ 5
/ʌ/ and /ə/ 5
/ɪ/ and /ə/ 6
/ɑ/ and /ɔ/ 6
Glottal /t/ and flapped /t/ 6
/r/ 7
IPA transcription: suprasegmentals and aspiration 7
Stress 7
Primary stress 7
Secondary stress 8
Aspiration 8
Allophones of /l/, devoiced approximants and nasals 9
Allophones of l 9
Devoiced approximants 10
Syllabics 10
Syllabic /l/ 10
Syllabic [ṇ] 10
Syllabic /r/ 10
Syllabic /m/ 11
Syllabic /ng/ 11
strong/weak forms 11
fluency forms 12
assimilation 12
Elision 13
Insertion 13
Reduction 13
Intonation 14
General American compared to Received Pronunciation 15
General American phonetics and pronunciation , Tessa Kikkert 2021
1
, IPA chart GA
https://americanipachart.com/
Practice and memorize the sounds using the link above.
Consonants
PLOSIVES (STOPS)
1. p–b
2. ph aspirated p
3. t–d
4. th aspirated t
5. t̬ voiced t
6. k–g
7. kh aspirated k
8. ʔ glottal stop
AFFRICATES
9. tʃ – dʒ
FRICATIVES
10. f–v
11. θ–ð
12. s–z
13. ʃ–ʒ
14. h
NASALS
15. m
16. n
17. ŋ
LATERAL
18. l clear l
19. ɫ dark l
20. l̥ voiceless l
21. l̪ dental l
22. l̩ syllabic l
APPROXIMANTS
23. j
24. W
25. r
General American phonetics and pronunciation , Tessa Kikkert 2021
2
General American complete document
Created by Tessa Kikkert, student at Windesheim university of applied science
2021
“
This document has been created using extensive research on the matter of GA pronunciation and IPA
transcription. It includes phonetic rules,reference material and illustrates the differences between GA
and RP transcription. This document has been written by Tessa Kikkert, C2 proficient in American
English. For questions or comments regarding the information provided in this document, please
contact T. Kikkert at .
”
,Table of contents
Table of contents 1
IPA chart GA 2
IPA : placement 4
American and transcription 5
Schwa /ə/ 5
/ʌ/ and /ə/ 5
/ɪ/ and /ə/ 6
/ɑ/ and /ɔ/ 6
Glottal /t/ and flapped /t/ 6
/r/ 7
IPA transcription: suprasegmentals and aspiration 7
Stress 7
Primary stress 7
Secondary stress 8
Aspiration 8
Allophones of /l/, devoiced approximants and nasals 9
Allophones of l 9
Devoiced approximants 10
Syllabics 10
Syllabic /l/ 10
Syllabic [ṇ] 10
Syllabic /r/ 10
Syllabic /m/ 11
Syllabic /ng/ 11
strong/weak forms 11
fluency forms 12
assimilation 12
Elision 13
Insertion 13
Reduction 13
Intonation 14
General American compared to Received Pronunciation 15
General American phonetics and pronunciation , Tessa Kikkert 2021
1
, IPA chart GA
https://americanipachart.com/
Practice and memorize the sounds using the link above.
Consonants
PLOSIVES (STOPS)
1. p–b
2. ph aspirated p
3. t–d
4. th aspirated t
5. t̬ voiced t
6. k–g
7. kh aspirated k
8. ʔ glottal stop
AFFRICATES
9. tʃ – dʒ
FRICATIVES
10. f–v
11. θ–ð
12. s–z
13. ʃ–ʒ
14. h
NASALS
15. m
16. n
17. ŋ
LATERAL
18. l clear l
19. ɫ dark l
20. l̥ voiceless l
21. l̪ dental l
22. l̩ syllabic l
APPROXIMANTS
23. j
24. W
25. r
General American phonetics and pronunciation , Tessa Kikkert 2021
2
