“Full Notes on Cell
Reproduction, Cell Cycle,
Mitosis & Meiosis (With
Diagrams)”
,1. Introduction to Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is the biological process through which a parent cell divides to
form new daughter cells. It is essential for:
• Growth of organisms
• Repair of damaged tissues
• Maintenance of body functions
• Reproduction (both asexual & sexual)
In living organisms, cell reproduction occurs through three main mechanisms:
1. Binary Fission – in prokaryotes
2. Mitosis – in eukaryotic somatic cells
3. Meiosis – in eukaryotic germ cells
,2. Cell Growth
Cells do not divide immediately after they are formed. They first undergo cell
growth, which includes:
• Increase in cell size
• Production of organelles
• Synthesis of proteins
• Accumulation of energy (ATP)
• Preparation for DNA replication
Cell growth mainly occurs during the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
3. The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a series of events a cell goes through from its formation until it
divides into two daughter cells.
It has two major phases:
A. Interphase (Preparation Phase)
The cell performs normal functions and prepares for division.
Interphase has three sub-phases:
1. G1 Phase (Gap 1)
, • Cell grows in size
• Produces proteins and organelles
• Performs metabolic activities
• Longest phase
2. S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
• DNA replication occurs
• Chromosomes are duplicated
• Each chromosome forms sister chromatids
3. G2 Phase (Gap 2)
• Final growth
• Cell checks for DNA errors
• Prepares for mitosis
Reproduction, Cell Cycle,
Mitosis & Meiosis (With
Diagrams)”
,1. Introduction to Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is the biological process through which a parent cell divides to
form new daughter cells. It is essential for:
• Growth of organisms
• Repair of damaged tissues
• Maintenance of body functions
• Reproduction (both asexual & sexual)
In living organisms, cell reproduction occurs through three main mechanisms:
1. Binary Fission – in prokaryotes
2. Mitosis – in eukaryotic somatic cells
3. Meiosis – in eukaryotic germ cells
,2. Cell Growth
Cells do not divide immediately after they are formed. They first undergo cell
growth, which includes:
• Increase in cell size
• Production of organelles
• Synthesis of proteins
• Accumulation of energy (ATP)
• Preparation for DNA replication
Cell growth mainly occurs during the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
3. The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a series of events a cell goes through from its formation until it
divides into two daughter cells.
It has two major phases:
A. Interphase (Preparation Phase)
The cell performs normal functions and prepares for division.
Interphase has three sub-phases:
1. G1 Phase (Gap 1)
, • Cell grows in size
• Produces proteins and organelles
• Performs metabolic activities
• Longest phase
2. S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
• DNA replication occurs
• Chromosomes are duplicated
• Each chromosome forms sister chromatids
3. G2 Phase (Gap 2)
• Final growth
• Cell checks for DNA errors
• Prepares for mitosis
