Classification of Amino Acids:
Amino acids can be classified in different ways. Below is the most common classification based on
nutritional requirement and chemical nature:
➤ Based on Nutritional Requirement
1. Essential Amino Acids (Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be taken from
food)
Examples:
• Leucine
• Isoleucine
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Valine
2. Non-Essential Amino Acids (Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body)
Examples:
• Alanine
• Asparagine
• Aspartic acid
• Glutamic acid
• Serine
3. Semi-Essential Amino Acids (Needed in diet only under certain conditions like growth or illness)
Examples:
• Arginine
• Histidine
➤ Based on Chemical Nature
1. Non-Polar (Hydrophobic) Amino Acids
Examples:
• Glycine
• Alanine
• Valine
• Leucine
• Isoleucine
• Methionine
• Proline
• Phenylalanine
• Tryptophan
2. Polar Uncharged Amino Acids
Examples:
• Serine
• Threonine
, • Asparagine
• Glutamine
• Tyrosine
• Cysteine
3. Polar Charged Amino Acids
• Acidic (Negatively Charged):
o Aspartic acid
o Glutamic acid
• Basic (Positively Charged):
o Lysine
o Arginine
o Histidine
What is Lipid?
Lipids are organic compounds made of fats and oils. They are an important source of energy and help in the
formation of cell membranes, hormones, and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
or
Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents
such as water.
Names of Macro and Micro Minerals:
macro minerals: Microminerals:
1. Calcium (Ca) 1. Iron (Fe)
2. Phosphorus (P) 2. Zinc (Zn)
3. Magnesium (Mg) 3. Iodine (1)
4. Sodium (Na) 4. Copper (Cu)
5. Potassium (K) 5. Selenium (Se)
6. Chloride (CI) 6. Manganese (Mn)
7. Sulfur (S) 7. Chromium (Cr)
8. Fluoride (F)
9. Molybdenum (Mo)
10.Cobalt (Co)
Absorption and Mechanism of Lipid:
1. Digestion:
• Lipid digestion begins in the small intestine.
• Bile salts from the liver break large fat droplets into smaller ones.
• Pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
2. Absorption:
• Fatty acids and monoglycerides form micelles with bile salts.
• These micelles move to the surface of the intestinal cells (enterocytes) and release the contents.
• Inside the cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into triglycerides.
3. Transport:
• Triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons (fat transport particles).
Amino acids can be classified in different ways. Below is the most common classification based on
nutritional requirement and chemical nature:
➤ Based on Nutritional Requirement
1. Essential Amino Acids (Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be taken from
food)
Examples:
• Leucine
• Isoleucine
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Valine
2. Non-Essential Amino Acids (Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body)
Examples:
• Alanine
• Asparagine
• Aspartic acid
• Glutamic acid
• Serine
3. Semi-Essential Amino Acids (Needed in diet only under certain conditions like growth or illness)
Examples:
• Arginine
• Histidine
➤ Based on Chemical Nature
1. Non-Polar (Hydrophobic) Amino Acids
Examples:
• Glycine
• Alanine
• Valine
• Leucine
• Isoleucine
• Methionine
• Proline
• Phenylalanine
• Tryptophan
2. Polar Uncharged Amino Acids
Examples:
• Serine
• Threonine
, • Asparagine
• Glutamine
• Tyrosine
• Cysteine
3. Polar Charged Amino Acids
• Acidic (Negatively Charged):
o Aspartic acid
o Glutamic acid
• Basic (Positively Charged):
o Lysine
o Arginine
o Histidine
What is Lipid?
Lipids are organic compounds made of fats and oils. They are an important source of energy and help in the
formation of cell membranes, hormones, and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
or
Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents
such as water.
Names of Macro and Micro Minerals:
macro minerals: Microminerals:
1. Calcium (Ca) 1. Iron (Fe)
2. Phosphorus (P) 2. Zinc (Zn)
3. Magnesium (Mg) 3. Iodine (1)
4. Sodium (Na) 4. Copper (Cu)
5. Potassium (K) 5. Selenium (Se)
6. Chloride (CI) 6. Manganese (Mn)
7. Sulfur (S) 7. Chromium (Cr)
8. Fluoride (F)
9. Molybdenum (Mo)
10.Cobalt (Co)
Absorption and Mechanism of Lipid:
1. Digestion:
• Lipid digestion begins in the small intestine.
• Bile salts from the liver break large fat droplets into smaller ones.
• Pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
2. Absorption:
• Fatty acids and monoglycerides form micelles with bile salts.
• These micelles move to the surface of the intestinal cells (enterocytes) and release the contents.
• Inside the cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into triglycerides.
3. Transport:
• Triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons (fat transport particles).
