SOCIOLOGY
(CSS)
,CONTENTS
CHAPTER NAME PAGE #
Chapter 1 3
INDIVIDUAL & SOCIETY
Chapter 2 7
CULTURE
Chapter 3 19
COMMUNITY
Chapter 4 30
SOCIAL CHANGE
Chapter 5 44
SOCIAL CONTROL
Chapter 6 51
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Chapter 7 67
CASTE AND CLASS
Chapter 8 70
AUGUSTE COMTE
Chapter 9 76
EMILE DURKHEIM
Chapter 10 86
HERBERT SPENCER
Chapter 11 92
IBN KHALDUN
Chapter 12 97
KARL MARX
Chapter 13 102
MAX WEBER
Chapter 12 106
C.H. COOLY
Chapter 13 108
RESEARCH
Chapter 14 129
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
,INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Man is a social animal. He lives in social groups in communities and in society. Human life
and society almost go together. Man cannot live without society. Man is biologically and
psychologically equipped to live in groups, in society. Society has become an essential
condition for human life to arise and to continue.
The relationship between individual and society is ultimately one of the profound of all the
problems of social philosophy. It is more philosophical rather than sociological because it
involves the question of values.
Man depends on society. It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and encompassed
by culture, a societal force. It is in the society again that he has to conform to the norms, occupy
statuses and become members of groups.
The question of the relationship between the individual and the society is the starting point of
many discussions. It is closely connected with the question of the relationship of man and
society. There is two main theories regarding the relationship of man and society .They are the
social contract theory and the organismic theory.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Industrial revolution and Industrialization: Factory system of production and
the consequent mechanization and industrialization brought turmoil in society. New industries
and technologies change the face of the social and physical environment. The simple rural life
and small-scale home industries were replaced by the complex urban and mass production of
goods. Industrialization changed the direction of civilization. It destroyed radically altered, the
medieval customs, beliefs and ideas. Industrialization led to urbanization. Peasants left rural
areas and flocked to the towns, where they worked as industrial laborers. Cities grew at
unprecedented rate providing an anonymous environment for people. Social problems became
rampant. Aristocracies and monarchies crumbled and fell. Religion became to loose its forces
as source of moral authority. For the first time in the human history, social change became state
of affairs
2. Inspiration from the Growth of Natural Sciences: Nineteenth century was a
period in which natural sciences had made much progress. The success ascertained by the
natural scientists inspired and even tempted good number of social thinkers to follow their
examples. Inspiration provided by radically diverse societies and cultures of the colonial
powers. The colonial powers of Europe were exposed to different types of societies and cultures
in the colonial empires. Their exposure to such diversities in societies and cultures provided an
intellectual challenge for scientists of the day.
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY:
A dictionary defines sociology as the systematic study of society and social interaction. The
word sociology” is derived from the Latin word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos
(study of), meaning “the study of companionship.” A general definition of sociology is the
systematic study of human society, culture, and relationships on a group level. Sociology is the
study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse,
ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and
social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical
, change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s
purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness.
Auguste Comete, the founding father of sociology, defines sociology as the science of social
phenomena "subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of
investigation". Kingsley Davis says that "Sociology is a general science of society". Harry M.
Johnson opines that "sociology is the science that deals with social groups". Emile Durkheim:
"Science of social institutions". Park regards sociology as "the science of collective
behavior". Small defines sociology as "the science of social relationships". Marshal Jones
defines sociology as "the study of man-in-relationship-to-men".
Ogburn and Nimkoff: "Sociology is the scientific study of social life". Franklin Henry
Giddings defines sociology as "the science of social phenomena". Henry Fairchild: "Sociology
is the study of man and his human environment in their relations to each other". Max Weber
defines sociology as "the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social
action in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects". Alex Inkeles
says, "Sociology is the study of systems of social action and of their inter-relations". Kimball
Young and Raymond W. Mack say, "Sociology is the scientific study of social aspects of
human life". Morris Ginsberg: sociology in the following way: "In the broadest sense,
sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations, their conditions and
consequences".
THEORIES REGARDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL
AND SOCIETY
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
The social contract theory throws light on the origin of the society. According to this theory all
men are born free and equal. Society came into existence because of the agreement entered into
by the individuals. The classical representatives of this school of thought are Thomas Hobbes,
John Locke and Rousseau.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was of opinion that society came into being as a means for the protection of
men against the consequences of their own nature. Man in the state of nature was in perpetual
conflict with his neighbors on account of his essentially selfish nature. ‘The life of man was
solitary poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Every man was an enemy to every other man.
Hobbes in his book Leviathan has made it clear that man found nothing but grief in the
company of his fellows. Since the conditions in the state of nature were intolerable and men
longed for peace, the people entered into a kind of social contract to ensure for themselves
security and certainty of life and property.
By mutual agreement they decided to surrender their natural rights into the hands of a few or
one with authority to command. The agreement was of each with all and of all with each other.
The contract became binding on the whole community as perpetual social bond. Thus in order
to protect himself against the evil consequences of his own nature man organized himself in
society in order to live in peace with all.
John Locke
(CSS)
,CONTENTS
CHAPTER NAME PAGE #
Chapter 1 3
INDIVIDUAL & SOCIETY
Chapter 2 7
CULTURE
Chapter 3 19
COMMUNITY
Chapter 4 30
SOCIAL CHANGE
Chapter 5 44
SOCIAL CONTROL
Chapter 6 51
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Chapter 7 67
CASTE AND CLASS
Chapter 8 70
AUGUSTE COMTE
Chapter 9 76
EMILE DURKHEIM
Chapter 10 86
HERBERT SPENCER
Chapter 11 92
IBN KHALDUN
Chapter 12 97
KARL MARX
Chapter 13 102
MAX WEBER
Chapter 12 106
C.H. COOLY
Chapter 13 108
RESEARCH
Chapter 14 129
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
,INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Man is a social animal. He lives in social groups in communities and in society. Human life
and society almost go together. Man cannot live without society. Man is biologically and
psychologically equipped to live in groups, in society. Society has become an essential
condition for human life to arise and to continue.
The relationship between individual and society is ultimately one of the profound of all the
problems of social philosophy. It is more philosophical rather than sociological because it
involves the question of values.
Man depends on society. It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and encompassed
by culture, a societal force. It is in the society again that he has to conform to the norms, occupy
statuses and become members of groups.
The question of the relationship between the individual and the society is the starting point of
many discussions. It is closely connected with the question of the relationship of man and
society. There is two main theories regarding the relationship of man and society .They are the
social contract theory and the organismic theory.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Industrial revolution and Industrialization: Factory system of production and
the consequent mechanization and industrialization brought turmoil in society. New industries
and technologies change the face of the social and physical environment. The simple rural life
and small-scale home industries were replaced by the complex urban and mass production of
goods. Industrialization changed the direction of civilization. It destroyed radically altered, the
medieval customs, beliefs and ideas. Industrialization led to urbanization. Peasants left rural
areas and flocked to the towns, where they worked as industrial laborers. Cities grew at
unprecedented rate providing an anonymous environment for people. Social problems became
rampant. Aristocracies and monarchies crumbled and fell. Religion became to loose its forces
as source of moral authority. For the first time in the human history, social change became state
of affairs
2. Inspiration from the Growth of Natural Sciences: Nineteenth century was a
period in which natural sciences had made much progress. The success ascertained by the
natural scientists inspired and even tempted good number of social thinkers to follow their
examples. Inspiration provided by radically diverse societies and cultures of the colonial
powers. The colonial powers of Europe were exposed to different types of societies and cultures
in the colonial empires. Their exposure to such diversities in societies and cultures provided an
intellectual challenge for scientists of the day.
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY:
A dictionary defines sociology as the systematic study of society and social interaction. The
word sociology” is derived from the Latin word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos
(study of), meaning “the study of companionship.” A general definition of sociology is the
systematic study of human society, culture, and relationships on a group level. Sociology is the
study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse,
ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and
social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical
, change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s
purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness.
Auguste Comete, the founding father of sociology, defines sociology as the science of social
phenomena "subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of
investigation". Kingsley Davis says that "Sociology is a general science of society". Harry M.
Johnson opines that "sociology is the science that deals with social groups". Emile Durkheim:
"Science of social institutions". Park regards sociology as "the science of collective
behavior". Small defines sociology as "the science of social relationships". Marshal Jones
defines sociology as "the study of man-in-relationship-to-men".
Ogburn and Nimkoff: "Sociology is the scientific study of social life". Franklin Henry
Giddings defines sociology as "the science of social phenomena". Henry Fairchild: "Sociology
is the study of man and his human environment in their relations to each other". Max Weber
defines sociology as "the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social
action in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects". Alex Inkeles
says, "Sociology is the study of systems of social action and of their inter-relations". Kimball
Young and Raymond W. Mack say, "Sociology is the scientific study of social aspects of
human life". Morris Ginsberg: sociology in the following way: "In the broadest sense,
sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations, their conditions and
consequences".
THEORIES REGARDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL
AND SOCIETY
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
The social contract theory throws light on the origin of the society. According to this theory all
men are born free and equal. Society came into existence because of the agreement entered into
by the individuals. The classical representatives of this school of thought are Thomas Hobbes,
John Locke and Rousseau.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was of opinion that society came into being as a means for the protection of
men against the consequences of their own nature. Man in the state of nature was in perpetual
conflict with his neighbors on account of his essentially selfish nature. ‘The life of man was
solitary poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Every man was an enemy to every other man.
Hobbes in his book Leviathan has made it clear that man found nothing but grief in the
company of his fellows. Since the conditions in the state of nature were intolerable and men
longed for peace, the people entered into a kind of social contract to ensure for themselves
security and certainty of life and property.
By mutual agreement they decided to surrender their natural rights into the hands of a few or
one with authority to command. The agreement was of each with all and of all with each other.
The contract became binding on the whole community as perpetual social bond. Thus in order
to protect himself against the evil consequences of his own nature man organized himself in
society in order to live in peace with all.
John Locke
