The Tehran Conference, 1943
Cold War - Topic 1: Reasons for the Cold War, 1943-45 The ‘Big 3’ = met = Tehran in Iran in Nov 1943 = to plan a winning strategy to end the war = first major meeting +
established a positive relationship between Stalin, FDR (Roosevelt) and Churchill. They discussed:
Second Front: USA + Britain opened a ‘second front’ = launching an attack on Germany in W Europe = reduced pressure
Explain two effects the Second World War on the Eastern Front, (where Soviets were suffering heavy losses). Germans = have to move troops from the USSR to fight
had on the relationship between the Soviet in the West. Stalin = happy because he was worried that Britain + America were delaying a 2nd front on purpose. Churchill
What was the Cold War? Union and the West. [8 marks] = less happy because he had wanted to open a 2nd front in the Balkans (Romania), not in W Europe = to make sure the
● Started 1945-46 and lasted around 40 years. > Increased tension: Delay in opening the Key Events in Relations Between the USSR, Britain, USSR couldn’t take over all of E Europe. Stalin = disappointed in the British and Americans as they only opened up the
2nd front in May 1944.
●
and the USA (1917–1945)
Tension between the 2 main superpowers: the US and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist second front and the atomic bombs + Nazi Soviet
pact.
Republics).
● The USA & USSR never physically fought one another. A ‘cold war’ is a conflict against any enemy International body: = general agreement = international organisation should be set up to settle disagreements through
by every means short of actually fighting. discussion + negotiation, rather than war. There was agreement = outline of broader international cooperation after WW2 =
> Temporary cooperation: Grand Alliance to eventually became the UN in April 1945.
● Carried out through diplomacy, an arms race, and proxy war (a war instigated by a major power but > Russia’s Exit from WW1 (1917)
defeat Germany + Battle of Berlin
does not get involved). When Russia made peace with Germany in 1917 and dropped out of WW1, Germany: No formal agreement, but agreed = aim of the war = to bring about the complete surrender of Germany + remain
● East (communist) vs. West (capitalist). Both saw each other as a threat to security and world Britain, France, and the US were furious. weak after the war.
peace.
● Started in Europe then spread to Asia and then worldwide. Poland:Agreed = Germany should give land to Poland+ the USSR could keep land they took from Poland in 1939 (Nazi-
● Major ideological differences: Capitalism vs. Communism. Soviet Pact) = very important to Stalin who wanted to secure protection for his W border after WW2. Churchill = suspicious
> Opposition to Communism (1917)
of Stalin’s motives in E Europe + Britain = wary of the USSR’s intentions in P.
The USSR resented Britain, France, and the USA for trying to stop communists
The superpowers: US, USSR = emerged as SP Key features of the Cold War: Spying/espionage:Both from ruling Russia. During the Russian Revolution in 1917, Britain, France, and
Japan:Agreed = Stalin = declare war againstJapan + supply Soviet troops to help the USA with war against the
after the war. sides spied on each other = mainly done to find out any military the US sent in support to the people fighting against the communists.
Japanese - but once the war in Europe was over.
A superpower is a country that holds a powerful developments. They used spy planes which could fly at a great height
position in the world due to having a stronger + take photographs. The American U2 spy plane could fly high
military than other countries and a large economy, enough and often avoid being shot down by Soviet fighter planes.
The Yalta Conference, February 1945
> The Munich Agreement (1938) In Feb 1945, the Big 3 held a 2nd meeting in the USSR.
they dominate international relations and trade. In 1938, Britain and France allowed Hitler to take over parts of Czechoslovakia, By Feb 1945, the USSR had defeated Germany in the USSR and now had control of most of C and E Europe. Stalin =
which bordered the USSR. Stalin, excluded from these discussions, began to determined to keep the territory he had won. What was discussed and agreed:
suspect that the West didn’t care if the USSR was attacked by Germany. >Nazi-
Propaganda: = used to create the worst possible image of the
Economy: Soviet Pact (1939) Germany: After WW2, Germany and its capital, Berlin, would be split into 4 zones. Each zone = controlled by: USA, Britain,
other side and make sure that their people supported their
Britain and France felt betrayed when Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in France, and the USSR. Berlin = in the Soviet section of Germany. Germany would also pay $20 billion in reparations; ½ of this
America’s economy = strong after the war. 1980s: government. US = created mass paranoia around communism, calling would go to the USSR. The Nazi Party would be banned, and Nazi war criminals prosecuted. Germany would also be
August 1939. This agreement between Germany and the USSR divided Poland
it’s gross national product (GNP) (a measure of all it the ‘red scare’ or ‘red terror’.USSR = accused capitalist countries of demilitarised.
between them. They also agreed not to invade each other.
goods and services produced) = $2100 billion. being greedy & selfish.
USSR = $1200 billion. Stalin = planned to United Nations: A UN = set up = 1st meeting = 25th April 1945. All nations could join, but the USA + France didn't agree with
modernise + develop the USSR as an industrial Stalin’s idea = 16 Soviet republics should be given individual membership. Just Russia, Ukraine and Belarus = allowed. This
nation. Both = vast reserves of raw materials such > WW2 and Support for the USSR (1941) isn’t what Stalin wanted but agreed to join the UN. Roosevelt + Stalin = pleased to get agreement on the UN = created positive
as coal, iron, and oil.
Arms race: There was a competition in nuclear weapons. Each When Germany invaded the USSR in 1941, Britain and the USA provided hopes of superpowers working together on future international issues.
side wanted more weapons and newer technology than the other. weapons, ships, aircraft, and food to help the USSR resist the invasion.
1960s: US + USSR = had enough nuclear weapons to be able to Japan: Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan, 3 months after the defeat of Germany.
destroy each other many times over. This = ‘Mutually Assured
Population: Destruction’ or MAD theory = made nuclear war less likely - effects so > The Grand Alliance (1941–1945) Eastern Europe: Stalin agreed that future governments of countries in E Europe would be decided in free elections.
1980s: US = 226 million, USSR = 262 million. End of devastating no government wants to use them. Roosevelt + Stalin = pleased to get this agreement.
Between 1941–1945, Britain, the US, and the USSR fought together against
WW2: USSR = had new territories + during the Cold Germany as part of an informal alliance known as the "Grand Alliance."
War the Soviet Union had control over many Poland: major issue at the Yalta conference= agreed that the borders of Poland = returned to their positions in 1921 -
pushing Poland’s borders more West, giving the USSR gains = meant that Poland = under Soviet ‘sphere of influence’ +
countries in Eastern Europe, it was known as its
‘sphere of influence’.
Space race: Success in this area = very effective propaganda for agreed - free elections in Poland. But - Stalin expected those elections to lead to a pro-communist government. Britain
both the USA and the USSR. It was meant to show the success of their > The Katyn Forest Massacre (1943) disagreed with Stalin’s plans for the P govrn + Churchill supported the return of exiled P govrn ( exiled by Nazis - WW2) =
In early 1943, the Nazis revealed the mass execution of 22,000 Polish prisoners not communist. Poland = difficult issue to solve + more discussed at the Potsdam Conference.
ideologies.
of war in the Katyn Forest, carried out by Soviet secret soldiers. The USSR
Military: denied involvement, blaming the Nazis. Despite knowing the truth, Britain and Background: Potsdam Conference:
After WW2: US = had avoided the devastation that the West overlooked this to maintain the alliance with the USSR during WW2 > Germany = surrendered = May
Loans and aid: Each side competed to provide loans & aid to less and they needed USSR’s help to win WW2. 1945
its European allies experienced. The USSR Germany: = central to the conference = surrendered, Big 3 = reconfirmed that
suffered heavy losses (20 million men killed). developed countries and usually newly independent countries, to try > Truman deliberately delayed the
Germany = divided into 4 zones, but the economy would be run as a whole +
and gain their support during the Cold War. For example the US date of the conference until the
However, both countries still had large armed reconfirmed that Berlin = also divided into 4 zones, even though it was
provided many countries after WW1 with money to help them recover. atomic bomb was ready = wanted
forces and the US’ military = still powerful. After > Opening the Second Front (1943–1944) inside the Soviet-controlled zone.
to assert authority in the AR -
WW2 the US was the only country to possess an The US believed if a country was economically weak, they were more At a conference in November 1943, the USSR urged Britain and the US to open > Allies needed to ‘de-Nazify’ Germany. Each ally would oversee the
tested it the day before it began.
vulnerable to a communist take over. a second front to relieve pressure on the Eastern Front. However, this front deNazification of their own zone.
atomic bomb (1945). USSR = Nuclear in 1949. > Truman( Roosevelt died in April
> USSR = wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations. Truman = concerned it
1980s: US = 2 million nuclear weapons + USSR = wasn’t opened until May 1944. Stalin suspected the delay was deliberate, 1945 - disagreed with Yalta
would make it harder for Germany to recover economically. It was agreed that
4.8 million. intending to weaken the USSR by having to fight the Germans on its own. agreements)+ Attlee (Churchill lost
each country should
Consequences of the atomic bombing of Japan: Most to least amount of tension created: the 1945 British general election)
were new to the discussions =
take reparations from its own zone. As the USSR controlled the poorest zone
it was allowed to take a ¼ of the industrial equipment of the other zones.
1) USSR + US = Arms race: Nuclear = more powerful 4) The US used the bombs to create a stronger 7)(6th Aug 1945 = Hiroshima & 9th August 1945 = much harder for them to get their
Nagasaki - 120,000 = killed total) - meant that a > The Battle of Berlin (1945) way with Stalin.
than rival. negotiating position with the USSR during the
On the 25th April 1945, Soviet and US troops met in central Germany and > Truman = sus of Stalin’s motives Eastern Europe: Truman = against the control that the USSR had over the
Potsdam Conference. Truman = confident when war that used atomic weapons could kill millions
advanced to Berlin, leading to the final battle of WW2. + believed the Soviets wanted to countries
facing Stalin. of people and destroy the world many times over. liberated from Nazi rule + believed that Stalin + his Red Army would not leave
spread communism worldwide and
2) The development of the atomic bomb made the E.g: blast at H = to over 12,000 tonnes of TNT the countries and instead occupy them.
5) The use of the atomic bonds meant that the bring down capitalist democracy.
used in ordinary bombs.
countries of W Europe feel more confident about Soviet troops weren’t needed to fight against So, he took a harder line in
> Atomic Bombs and Rising Tensions (1945) discussions. Poland: Truman objected to the arrangements for Poland made at the Yalta
being protected by the US, instead of looking to Japan = a clear message that the US intended to
In August 1945, the US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, keeping these > UN = created in June 1945 - 51 Conference (free elections and the borders - from 1921, Stalin would get more
reach an agreement with the USSR. dominate the post- WW2 period.
developments secret from Stalin until the last moment. Stalin feared this members agreed to it. Britain, US, land). Truman wanted to see a P govrn with little communist influence.
6) Stalin felt even more determined to make secrecy indicated that the bombs might eventually be used against the USSR. France, USSR + China= permanent
the USSR secure. His immediate aim was to members - had the power to veto
3) USSR atomic bomb = 29th Aug 1949 (US had create a buffer zone of countries sympathetic resolutions they disapproved of.
8) Atomic bomb = made both the USA + the USSR
Cold War - Topic 1: Reasons for the Cold War, 1943-45 The ‘Big 3’ = met = Tehran in Iran in Nov 1943 = to plan a winning strategy to end the war = first major meeting +
established a positive relationship between Stalin, FDR (Roosevelt) and Churchill. They discussed:
Second Front: USA + Britain opened a ‘second front’ = launching an attack on Germany in W Europe = reduced pressure
Explain two effects the Second World War on the Eastern Front, (where Soviets were suffering heavy losses). Germans = have to move troops from the USSR to fight
had on the relationship between the Soviet in the West. Stalin = happy because he was worried that Britain + America were delaying a 2nd front on purpose. Churchill
What was the Cold War? Union and the West. [8 marks] = less happy because he had wanted to open a 2nd front in the Balkans (Romania), not in W Europe = to make sure the
● Started 1945-46 and lasted around 40 years. > Increased tension: Delay in opening the Key Events in Relations Between the USSR, Britain, USSR couldn’t take over all of E Europe. Stalin = disappointed in the British and Americans as they only opened up the
2nd front in May 1944.
●
and the USA (1917–1945)
Tension between the 2 main superpowers: the US and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist second front and the atomic bombs + Nazi Soviet
pact.
Republics).
● The USA & USSR never physically fought one another. A ‘cold war’ is a conflict against any enemy International body: = general agreement = international organisation should be set up to settle disagreements through
by every means short of actually fighting. discussion + negotiation, rather than war. There was agreement = outline of broader international cooperation after WW2 =
> Temporary cooperation: Grand Alliance to eventually became the UN in April 1945.
● Carried out through diplomacy, an arms race, and proxy war (a war instigated by a major power but > Russia’s Exit from WW1 (1917)
defeat Germany + Battle of Berlin
does not get involved). When Russia made peace with Germany in 1917 and dropped out of WW1, Germany: No formal agreement, but agreed = aim of the war = to bring about the complete surrender of Germany + remain
● East (communist) vs. West (capitalist). Both saw each other as a threat to security and world Britain, France, and the US were furious. weak after the war.
peace.
● Started in Europe then spread to Asia and then worldwide. Poland:Agreed = Germany should give land to Poland+ the USSR could keep land they took from Poland in 1939 (Nazi-
● Major ideological differences: Capitalism vs. Communism. Soviet Pact) = very important to Stalin who wanted to secure protection for his W border after WW2. Churchill = suspicious
> Opposition to Communism (1917)
of Stalin’s motives in E Europe + Britain = wary of the USSR’s intentions in P.
The USSR resented Britain, France, and the USA for trying to stop communists
The superpowers: US, USSR = emerged as SP Key features of the Cold War: Spying/espionage:Both from ruling Russia. During the Russian Revolution in 1917, Britain, France, and
Japan:Agreed = Stalin = declare war againstJapan + supply Soviet troops to help the USA with war against the
after the war. sides spied on each other = mainly done to find out any military the US sent in support to the people fighting against the communists.
Japanese - but once the war in Europe was over.
A superpower is a country that holds a powerful developments. They used spy planes which could fly at a great height
position in the world due to having a stronger + take photographs. The American U2 spy plane could fly high
military than other countries and a large economy, enough and often avoid being shot down by Soviet fighter planes.
The Yalta Conference, February 1945
> The Munich Agreement (1938) In Feb 1945, the Big 3 held a 2nd meeting in the USSR.
they dominate international relations and trade. In 1938, Britain and France allowed Hitler to take over parts of Czechoslovakia, By Feb 1945, the USSR had defeated Germany in the USSR and now had control of most of C and E Europe. Stalin =
which bordered the USSR. Stalin, excluded from these discussions, began to determined to keep the territory he had won. What was discussed and agreed:
suspect that the West didn’t care if the USSR was attacked by Germany. >Nazi-
Propaganda: = used to create the worst possible image of the
Economy: Soviet Pact (1939) Germany: After WW2, Germany and its capital, Berlin, would be split into 4 zones. Each zone = controlled by: USA, Britain,
other side and make sure that their people supported their
Britain and France felt betrayed when Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in France, and the USSR. Berlin = in the Soviet section of Germany. Germany would also pay $20 billion in reparations; ½ of this
America’s economy = strong after the war. 1980s: government. US = created mass paranoia around communism, calling would go to the USSR. The Nazi Party would be banned, and Nazi war criminals prosecuted. Germany would also be
August 1939. This agreement between Germany and the USSR divided Poland
it’s gross national product (GNP) (a measure of all it the ‘red scare’ or ‘red terror’.USSR = accused capitalist countries of demilitarised.
between them. They also agreed not to invade each other.
goods and services produced) = $2100 billion. being greedy & selfish.
USSR = $1200 billion. Stalin = planned to United Nations: A UN = set up = 1st meeting = 25th April 1945. All nations could join, but the USA + France didn't agree with
modernise + develop the USSR as an industrial Stalin’s idea = 16 Soviet republics should be given individual membership. Just Russia, Ukraine and Belarus = allowed. This
nation. Both = vast reserves of raw materials such > WW2 and Support for the USSR (1941) isn’t what Stalin wanted but agreed to join the UN. Roosevelt + Stalin = pleased to get agreement on the UN = created positive
as coal, iron, and oil.
Arms race: There was a competition in nuclear weapons. Each When Germany invaded the USSR in 1941, Britain and the USA provided hopes of superpowers working together on future international issues.
side wanted more weapons and newer technology than the other. weapons, ships, aircraft, and food to help the USSR resist the invasion.
1960s: US + USSR = had enough nuclear weapons to be able to Japan: Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan, 3 months after the defeat of Germany.
destroy each other many times over. This = ‘Mutually Assured
Population: Destruction’ or MAD theory = made nuclear war less likely - effects so > The Grand Alliance (1941–1945) Eastern Europe: Stalin agreed that future governments of countries in E Europe would be decided in free elections.
1980s: US = 226 million, USSR = 262 million. End of devastating no government wants to use them. Roosevelt + Stalin = pleased to get this agreement.
Between 1941–1945, Britain, the US, and the USSR fought together against
WW2: USSR = had new territories + during the Cold Germany as part of an informal alliance known as the "Grand Alliance."
War the Soviet Union had control over many Poland: major issue at the Yalta conference= agreed that the borders of Poland = returned to their positions in 1921 -
pushing Poland’s borders more West, giving the USSR gains = meant that Poland = under Soviet ‘sphere of influence’ +
countries in Eastern Europe, it was known as its
‘sphere of influence’.
Space race: Success in this area = very effective propaganda for agreed - free elections in Poland. But - Stalin expected those elections to lead to a pro-communist government. Britain
both the USA and the USSR. It was meant to show the success of their > The Katyn Forest Massacre (1943) disagreed with Stalin’s plans for the P govrn + Churchill supported the return of exiled P govrn ( exiled by Nazis - WW2) =
In early 1943, the Nazis revealed the mass execution of 22,000 Polish prisoners not communist. Poland = difficult issue to solve + more discussed at the Potsdam Conference.
ideologies.
of war in the Katyn Forest, carried out by Soviet secret soldiers. The USSR
Military: denied involvement, blaming the Nazis. Despite knowing the truth, Britain and Background: Potsdam Conference:
After WW2: US = had avoided the devastation that the West overlooked this to maintain the alliance with the USSR during WW2 > Germany = surrendered = May
Loans and aid: Each side competed to provide loans & aid to less and they needed USSR’s help to win WW2. 1945
its European allies experienced. The USSR Germany: = central to the conference = surrendered, Big 3 = reconfirmed that
suffered heavy losses (20 million men killed). developed countries and usually newly independent countries, to try > Truman deliberately delayed the
Germany = divided into 4 zones, but the economy would be run as a whole +
and gain their support during the Cold War. For example the US date of the conference until the
However, both countries still had large armed reconfirmed that Berlin = also divided into 4 zones, even though it was
provided many countries after WW1 with money to help them recover. atomic bomb was ready = wanted
forces and the US’ military = still powerful. After > Opening the Second Front (1943–1944) inside the Soviet-controlled zone.
to assert authority in the AR -
WW2 the US was the only country to possess an The US believed if a country was economically weak, they were more At a conference in November 1943, the USSR urged Britain and the US to open > Allies needed to ‘de-Nazify’ Germany. Each ally would oversee the
tested it the day before it began.
vulnerable to a communist take over. a second front to relieve pressure on the Eastern Front. However, this front deNazification of their own zone.
atomic bomb (1945). USSR = Nuclear in 1949. > Truman( Roosevelt died in April
> USSR = wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations. Truman = concerned it
1980s: US = 2 million nuclear weapons + USSR = wasn’t opened until May 1944. Stalin suspected the delay was deliberate, 1945 - disagreed with Yalta
would make it harder for Germany to recover economically. It was agreed that
4.8 million. intending to weaken the USSR by having to fight the Germans on its own. agreements)+ Attlee (Churchill lost
each country should
Consequences of the atomic bombing of Japan: Most to least amount of tension created: the 1945 British general election)
were new to the discussions =
take reparations from its own zone. As the USSR controlled the poorest zone
it was allowed to take a ¼ of the industrial equipment of the other zones.
1) USSR + US = Arms race: Nuclear = more powerful 4) The US used the bombs to create a stronger 7)(6th Aug 1945 = Hiroshima & 9th August 1945 = much harder for them to get their
Nagasaki - 120,000 = killed total) - meant that a > The Battle of Berlin (1945) way with Stalin.
than rival. negotiating position with the USSR during the
On the 25th April 1945, Soviet and US troops met in central Germany and > Truman = sus of Stalin’s motives Eastern Europe: Truman = against the control that the USSR had over the
Potsdam Conference. Truman = confident when war that used atomic weapons could kill millions
advanced to Berlin, leading to the final battle of WW2. + believed the Soviets wanted to countries
facing Stalin. of people and destroy the world many times over. liberated from Nazi rule + believed that Stalin + his Red Army would not leave
spread communism worldwide and
2) The development of the atomic bomb made the E.g: blast at H = to over 12,000 tonnes of TNT the countries and instead occupy them.
5) The use of the atomic bonds meant that the bring down capitalist democracy.
used in ordinary bombs.
countries of W Europe feel more confident about Soviet troops weren’t needed to fight against So, he took a harder line in
> Atomic Bombs and Rising Tensions (1945) discussions. Poland: Truman objected to the arrangements for Poland made at the Yalta
being protected by the US, instead of looking to Japan = a clear message that the US intended to
In August 1945, the US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, keeping these > UN = created in June 1945 - 51 Conference (free elections and the borders - from 1921, Stalin would get more
reach an agreement with the USSR. dominate the post- WW2 period.
developments secret from Stalin until the last moment. Stalin feared this members agreed to it. Britain, US, land). Truman wanted to see a P govrn with little communist influence.
6) Stalin felt even more determined to make secrecy indicated that the bombs might eventually be used against the USSR. France, USSR + China= permanent
the USSR secure. His immediate aim was to members - had the power to veto
3) USSR atomic bomb = 29th Aug 1949 (US had create a buffer zone of countries sympathetic resolutions they disapproved of.
8) Atomic bomb = made both the USA + the USSR
