COLD WAR: Topic 3 - The 1950s:
KOREA BEFORE 1950S: What caused the Hungarian Uprising, 1956?
After Korea was freed from Japanese control in 1945, forces from the USSR entered the North and
those from the US entered the South. Division = agreed between ‘N’ and ‘S’ along the 38th parallel = 2
Peaceful coexistence examples:
separate countries. N Korea received aid + military equipment from the USSR (+ China - became Soviet control:
communist in 1949) and SK = similar support from US. Both countries claimed to be the rulers of the
whole country.
Change in leadership: Eisenhower: 1953 = US + USSR = new leaders. Eisenhower = president = USSR = banned non-communist PP + key political positions in the Hungarian
government, police + army = chosen = Stalin. This meant = people = loyal to Stalin +
Truman did not want SK to become communist as he feared that if SK fell to the communists there 1952 = strongly anti-communist + was determined to block any attempt at communism spreading. But =
also aware = dangers created by nuclear weapons = made Eisenhower prepared to listen to proposals USSR + USSR kept a tight grip on Hungary, keeping Soviet soldiers permanently
would be a domino effect and other countries would become communist too. stationed in the country. Hungarians felt that their country’s history = ignored in favour =
from the USSR + negotiate = improve relations.
communist history = taught in schools. Some areas of Hungary = Russian street signs,
Russian schools, Russian = compulsory language in schools + Russian shops.
Events of the Korean War: Hungarians = pay the Soviet army in Hungary. Previously Hungary = strongly Christian +
1.June 1950: Nk (with support from China & USSR) launched an attack on SK. Stalin sent tanks, Khrushchev: After Stalin’s death in 1953 = the new leader = Khrushchev = premier (leader) of the USSR + when it became communist = restrictions = against Catholic worship. Religious leaders =
believed that communism = superior to capitalism + capitalism =collapse. Therefore = USSR= no point in Cardinal Mindszenty (leader of the Hungarian CC) = imprisoned. The Hungarian economy
artillery and aircraft to NK + gave his approval for an invasion of SK.
having confrontation = lead to a destructive war. The WP hoped that Khrushchev = start of a ‘thaw’ of = controlled by the USSR through Comecon. Comecon prevented Hungary from trading
Cold War + there was evidence that their hopes were right. At the CP meeting = 1956 = publicly criticised with WE + receiving Marshall Aid. Hungary = trade with the USSR = on unfair terms.
2. July 1950: The US asked the UN for help + the UN agreed to send troops.This only happened Stalin’s actions + suggested = peaceful coexistence between the USSR + West. He said: “There are two Hungary = not always receive a fair price for its exports to the USSR + Hungarian wheat,
because the USSR was boycotting the UN at this time so was unable to stop this decision. A UN force coal + oil + sent to USSR.
ways: either peaceful coexistence or the most destructive war in history. There is no third way.” e.g =
from 16 countries = put together to help SK - majority of troops were American (300,000 soldiers).
Stalin had made all Communist countries do what he wanted + had got into disagreements with President
3. The American forces pushed the NK’s back across the 38th parallel, captured Pyongyang (capital of
Tito of Yugoslavia = 1955. Western leaders thought that Khrushchev = no longer forced all CC to take Matyas Rakosi:
orders from Russia. Rakosi = leader of the Hungarian Communist Party + strong supporter of Stalin. He =
N.K) and continued their advance until they were close to the Chinese border.
harsh on opposition = made him popular among communists but unpopular with most
Hungarians. His secret police (AVH) = arrested + tortured dissidents = 200,000-300,000
4. Communist China entered the war + pushed UN forces out of NK, using 200,000 men - showed the imprisoned + 2,000+ executed (1949-56). Rakosi’s economic plan = focused on heavy
Chronology of events: What happened to
‘De-Stalinisation’:
potential threat of China.
Feb 1956 = Khrushchev = secret speech to the CP = condemned Stalin’s crimes + human rights abuses. industry (not consumer goods) but Hungary = no iron ore or coal = living standards fell. Soviet control over Hungary?
1952 = lowest agricultural output ever = bad harvests + food/bread shortages.
Khrushchev attacked Stalin = Stalin was a murderer + tyrant + began to ‘de-Stalinize’ the USSR = political
5. April 1951: = Soviet pilots involved - USSR tried to disguise their involvement - pilots wore prisoners = free, and Beria (Stalin’s Chief of the Secret Police) = executed. The de-Stalinsation policies
Dissatisfaction with Rakosi = forced resignation (July 1956) = encouraged Hungarians to
Chinese uniforms + all Soviet aircraft had Chinese or N.K markings instead of Soviet. rebel who were too scared previously. After Rákosi’s forced resignation = replaced with
encouraged people in the SS to think that greater freedoms could happen. another Soviet puppet leader. Oct = riots = Budapest.
Khrushchev introduced Imre Nagy = leader = popular =
6. July 1953: = a ceasefire was signed. There were major casualties but neither side Summits: Geneva Summit, 1955: Meeting = held in Geneva, Switzerland = aim was to reduce De-Stalinization: Hungarian people.
made major gains. The division of Korea remained. international tensions = important step to better friendships + more open communication between the
leaders. Topics such as EW trade agreements + disarmament policy = all discussed to an extent. However, Feb 1956 = Khrushchev’s Secret Speech = criticized Stalin’s brutality + treatment of
7. Overall losses: SK lost 200,000+ soldiers + 1 mil civilians. NK lost 400,000+ the Geneva Summit failed to reach agreement over disarmament + the future of Germany, but the talks = satellite states. He suggested ruling USSR + satellites differently = start of ‘de-
NAGY: = released some political prisoners + allowed
troops + 600,000 civilians. China lost 600,000 soldiers + US lost 30,000 soldiers. US = roughly spent broke the ice. Stalinization’. Some Soviet satellite states saw this as a chance to push for less Soviet banned political groups to Return = led to a CG being
$67 billion on this war. control. Khrushchev’s actions = suggested reform = political prisoners freed + Beria announced. While these actions = popular among the
Geneva Summit, May 1959: 2 leaders = wanted a new agreement on Berlin = problem because of the Hungarians = led to protests = even more reforms.
amount of EG escaping to WG through Berlin. Although no solution to the problem with Berlin was found, (Stalin’s Secret Police Chief) executed. Rakosi = asked to arrest 400 troublemakers, but
8. Aftermath: US forces remained in SK = frustrated China. The K War = major step in the spread of relations between Khrushchev + Eisenhower improved + Khrushchev agreed to consider a trip to the US
Khrushchev = refused = sign he wanted communist reforms in Hungary.
End of Oct = Nagy proposed a set of reforms: leave the
the Cold War to Asia. for another meeting. WP, become a neutral country in the Cold War, develop
Impact of the Korean War: Support from the West: trade links with the West, freedoms such as: freedom of
Camp David, September 1959: Eisenhower + Khrushchev met face to face at Camp David (a country Hungarians thought that the UN or President Eisenhower, would help them and that gave speech + freedom of religion. Khrushchev ordered a
> Since S.K never became communist, the US claimed they had successfully contained communism,
house for US presidents) = Eisenhower = invited Khrushchev + Khrushchev = agreed to set foot on US them confidence to rebel. There was also encouragement given by Radio Free Europe Soviet invasion of Hungary = worried about Nagy’s
showing a victory for the Truman Doctrine + Domino Theory = had not become a reality.
soil, demonstrated the respect the two leaders had for each other. Eisenhower said:” Because of our (RFE) leading Hungarian protestors to believe US support would happen. RFE is an US demands. 4 Nov = 6,000 Soviet tanks rolled into
importance in the world, it is vital that we understand each other better.” Whilst there were still not government funded radio station that broadcasts + reports news to countries in EE Budapest, supporters of Nagy put up a fight.
> USSR = strengthened its armed forces. 1950: 2.8 million soldiers in the Red Army. 1955: almost 5.6
obvious agreements, the meeting appeared to show better relations between the superpowers + agreed because they believed that the free flow of information is banned by the government &
million.
that further talks would be held in Paris next summer. During the Hungarian Uprising of 1956, RFE broadcasts encouraged the protestors to Nagy + his supporters begged the West (particularly the
fight. However it is important to note that these RFE messages went against UN for support, but no support came.) = caused the
> Sep 1954 SEATO: US, Britain, France, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Austrian State Treaty, 1955: Eisenhower’s policy, which had said that the United States would not provide military uprising to fall apart. A new pro-Soviet government = set
Thailand, + Pakistan joined. Purpose = to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. May 15th 1955, the USSR, Britain, the US, + France signed a treaty = Austria independence + arranged for support for the Hungarian Uprising. up under Janos Kadar + Nagy were executed.
the withdrawal of all Allied forces. Up to this point , Austria = occupied by the Allies + these governments
> After the war the US tripled their defence budget including the amount of money they spent on arms. signed the agreement with the understanding + newly independent state of Austria = create a buffer zone
between the E + W. The Austrian State Treaty = only time during the CW that the USSR agreed to withdraw
> The Warsaw Pact = created in 1955. from territory that it occupied.
West Germany & NATO: Impact of events in Hungary in 1956 (Uprising & Soviet invasion)
May 1955, WG joined NATO = had full support of the WP, who would come to its aid in any disagreement
Soviet control restored: The failure of the US to do anything showed that they accepted the communist nations within EE were within the Soviet
sphere of influence - would therefore not get involved with them. US = would not challenge the USSR over their behaviour towards their satellite states.
The Arms Race: 4. Hydrogen Bomb: Truman = worried = US 7. 1957 = US developed the It showed that the USSR would act firmly to defend the Warsaw Pact and ensure the continuation of communist control + no satellite state could leave the
with the USSR. By giving WG membership
no longer had the advantage in the arms race, Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact members now knew they must do as they were told, or the USSR would invade and deal with them brutally. The
1. August 1945 = US successfully used intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) = in NATO, WG = access to weapons – USSR
+ he quickly ordered the development =
their atomic bombs = force Japanese believed that ICBMs = fire a nuclear weapon = did not like this.
powerful weapon: the hydrogen bomb (a MORE CONTROL IN H: The replacement of Nagy with pro-Soviet hardliner Kadar meant that Hungary would be under close control from the USSR +
at a target = 5,000 km away. 1960 = US =
surrender = WW2. thermonuclear weapon). Completed = 1952 =
had 295 ICBMS (120 more than the USSR).
The Warsaw Pact, 1955: increase in permanently stationed Soviet troops. Severe punishments for any Hungarians involved in the uprising - 12,000 = imprisoned 400 + executed.
1,000 times more powerful than the atomic USSR’s response to WG joining NATO =
bomb + gave the US back their advantage. create its own military alliance = Warsaw
Pact in 1955. The USSR believed that WG
International Condemnation: The UN set up an investigation in 1957 into the events of the Hungarian Uprising = lasted 5 months + 200+
2. 120,000 people = killed = total. The atomic testimonies written 100+ Hungarian refugees = interviewed - but no other action = taken.
bombs contained = 12,000 tonnes of TNT. 8. Few months later = 1957 = USSR tested its NATO membership = real danger of an
first ICBM + USSR also used ICBM technology to armed Germany on the borders of Soviet-
5. 1953: USSR successfully developed = controlled EE. The members were: the As a result of the Soviet invasion, thousands of WE’s left communist parties in their own nations, and some organisations disassociated themselves from
launch Sputnik 1 (the first ever satellite in space). By
hydrogen bomb. 1961 = USSR detonated the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Moscow’s control. E.g: Britain & France. Several countries in WE (Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland) boycotted the 1956 Melbourne Olympics because
using ICBM technology, the USSR = proven the
3. 29th August 1949 = USSR successfully largest (hydrogen) bomb ever seen (Tsar Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and EG = Russia was allowed to participate + did not agree with how the USSR had dealt with Hungary.
distance capabilities of ICBMs.
tested an atomic bomb. The US thought the Bomba) = nearly 50 tonnes = TNT. alliance = under the command of the USSR
USSR = not develop an atomic bomb = 1952- 9. 1958 = agreed in WG = US = obvious that Europe had been divided. Increase in superpower tension: Khrushchev became more confident in dealing with the USA because he now knew that they were unlikely to
1953. could place nuclear weapons in One side= under protection of the USA + risk taking military action. W = now believed that Khrushchev had been lying when he said he wanted ‘peaceful coexistence’ if he was willing to brutally deal
6. 1955 Massive Retaliation: = US announced = policy = ‘Massive Retaliation’ the country + by 1960 = 1,500 was working to defeat communism. The with his own satellite state + BRUTAL: The Soviet invasion of Hungary led to 200,000+ Hungarians leaving Hungary as refugees, many of whom went to the
which said that any attack on the US or its allies would be met with incredible nuclear warheads in WG = other side = led by the USSR + were trying US.
destructive force = this policy showed that nuclear weapons were central to US arguments = USSR claiming they to extend communist control.
policy. saw the weapons.
KOREA BEFORE 1950S: What caused the Hungarian Uprising, 1956?
After Korea was freed from Japanese control in 1945, forces from the USSR entered the North and
those from the US entered the South. Division = agreed between ‘N’ and ‘S’ along the 38th parallel = 2
Peaceful coexistence examples:
separate countries. N Korea received aid + military equipment from the USSR (+ China - became Soviet control:
communist in 1949) and SK = similar support from US. Both countries claimed to be the rulers of the
whole country.
Change in leadership: Eisenhower: 1953 = US + USSR = new leaders. Eisenhower = president = USSR = banned non-communist PP + key political positions in the Hungarian
government, police + army = chosen = Stalin. This meant = people = loyal to Stalin +
Truman did not want SK to become communist as he feared that if SK fell to the communists there 1952 = strongly anti-communist + was determined to block any attempt at communism spreading. But =
also aware = dangers created by nuclear weapons = made Eisenhower prepared to listen to proposals USSR + USSR kept a tight grip on Hungary, keeping Soviet soldiers permanently
would be a domino effect and other countries would become communist too. stationed in the country. Hungarians felt that their country’s history = ignored in favour =
from the USSR + negotiate = improve relations.
communist history = taught in schools. Some areas of Hungary = Russian street signs,
Russian schools, Russian = compulsory language in schools + Russian shops.
Events of the Korean War: Hungarians = pay the Soviet army in Hungary. Previously Hungary = strongly Christian +
1.June 1950: Nk (with support from China & USSR) launched an attack on SK. Stalin sent tanks, Khrushchev: After Stalin’s death in 1953 = the new leader = Khrushchev = premier (leader) of the USSR + when it became communist = restrictions = against Catholic worship. Religious leaders =
believed that communism = superior to capitalism + capitalism =collapse. Therefore = USSR= no point in Cardinal Mindszenty (leader of the Hungarian CC) = imprisoned. The Hungarian economy
artillery and aircraft to NK + gave his approval for an invasion of SK.
having confrontation = lead to a destructive war. The WP hoped that Khrushchev = start of a ‘thaw’ of = controlled by the USSR through Comecon. Comecon prevented Hungary from trading
Cold War + there was evidence that their hopes were right. At the CP meeting = 1956 = publicly criticised with WE + receiving Marshall Aid. Hungary = trade with the USSR = on unfair terms.
2. July 1950: The US asked the UN for help + the UN agreed to send troops.This only happened Stalin’s actions + suggested = peaceful coexistence between the USSR + West. He said: “There are two Hungary = not always receive a fair price for its exports to the USSR + Hungarian wheat,
because the USSR was boycotting the UN at this time so was unable to stop this decision. A UN force coal + oil + sent to USSR.
ways: either peaceful coexistence or the most destructive war in history. There is no third way.” e.g =
from 16 countries = put together to help SK - majority of troops were American (300,000 soldiers).
Stalin had made all Communist countries do what he wanted + had got into disagreements with President
3. The American forces pushed the NK’s back across the 38th parallel, captured Pyongyang (capital of
Tito of Yugoslavia = 1955. Western leaders thought that Khrushchev = no longer forced all CC to take Matyas Rakosi:
orders from Russia. Rakosi = leader of the Hungarian Communist Party + strong supporter of Stalin. He =
N.K) and continued their advance until they were close to the Chinese border.
harsh on opposition = made him popular among communists but unpopular with most
Hungarians. His secret police (AVH) = arrested + tortured dissidents = 200,000-300,000
4. Communist China entered the war + pushed UN forces out of NK, using 200,000 men - showed the imprisoned + 2,000+ executed (1949-56). Rakosi’s economic plan = focused on heavy
Chronology of events: What happened to
‘De-Stalinisation’:
potential threat of China.
Feb 1956 = Khrushchev = secret speech to the CP = condemned Stalin’s crimes + human rights abuses. industry (not consumer goods) but Hungary = no iron ore or coal = living standards fell. Soviet control over Hungary?
1952 = lowest agricultural output ever = bad harvests + food/bread shortages.
Khrushchev attacked Stalin = Stalin was a murderer + tyrant + began to ‘de-Stalinize’ the USSR = political
5. April 1951: = Soviet pilots involved - USSR tried to disguise their involvement - pilots wore prisoners = free, and Beria (Stalin’s Chief of the Secret Police) = executed. The de-Stalinsation policies
Dissatisfaction with Rakosi = forced resignation (July 1956) = encouraged Hungarians to
Chinese uniforms + all Soviet aircraft had Chinese or N.K markings instead of Soviet. rebel who were too scared previously. After Rákosi’s forced resignation = replaced with
encouraged people in the SS to think that greater freedoms could happen. another Soviet puppet leader. Oct = riots = Budapest.
Khrushchev introduced Imre Nagy = leader = popular =
6. July 1953: = a ceasefire was signed. There were major casualties but neither side Summits: Geneva Summit, 1955: Meeting = held in Geneva, Switzerland = aim was to reduce De-Stalinization: Hungarian people.
made major gains. The division of Korea remained. international tensions = important step to better friendships + more open communication between the
leaders. Topics such as EW trade agreements + disarmament policy = all discussed to an extent. However, Feb 1956 = Khrushchev’s Secret Speech = criticized Stalin’s brutality + treatment of
7. Overall losses: SK lost 200,000+ soldiers + 1 mil civilians. NK lost 400,000+ the Geneva Summit failed to reach agreement over disarmament + the future of Germany, but the talks = satellite states. He suggested ruling USSR + satellites differently = start of ‘de-
NAGY: = released some political prisoners + allowed
troops + 600,000 civilians. China lost 600,000 soldiers + US lost 30,000 soldiers. US = roughly spent broke the ice. Stalinization’. Some Soviet satellite states saw this as a chance to push for less Soviet banned political groups to Return = led to a CG being
$67 billion on this war. control. Khrushchev’s actions = suggested reform = political prisoners freed + Beria announced. While these actions = popular among the
Geneva Summit, May 1959: 2 leaders = wanted a new agreement on Berlin = problem because of the Hungarians = led to protests = even more reforms.
amount of EG escaping to WG through Berlin. Although no solution to the problem with Berlin was found, (Stalin’s Secret Police Chief) executed. Rakosi = asked to arrest 400 troublemakers, but
8. Aftermath: US forces remained in SK = frustrated China. The K War = major step in the spread of relations between Khrushchev + Eisenhower improved + Khrushchev agreed to consider a trip to the US
Khrushchev = refused = sign he wanted communist reforms in Hungary.
End of Oct = Nagy proposed a set of reforms: leave the
the Cold War to Asia. for another meeting. WP, become a neutral country in the Cold War, develop
Impact of the Korean War: Support from the West: trade links with the West, freedoms such as: freedom of
Camp David, September 1959: Eisenhower + Khrushchev met face to face at Camp David (a country Hungarians thought that the UN or President Eisenhower, would help them and that gave speech + freedom of religion. Khrushchev ordered a
> Since S.K never became communist, the US claimed they had successfully contained communism,
house for US presidents) = Eisenhower = invited Khrushchev + Khrushchev = agreed to set foot on US them confidence to rebel. There was also encouragement given by Radio Free Europe Soviet invasion of Hungary = worried about Nagy’s
showing a victory for the Truman Doctrine + Domino Theory = had not become a reality.
soil, demonstrated the respect the two leaders had for each other. Eisenhower said:” Because of our (RFE) leading Hungarian protestors to believe US support would happen. RFE is an US demands. 4 Nov = 6,000 Soviet tanks rolled into
importance in the world, it is vital that we understand each other better.” Whilst there were still not government funded radio station that broadcasts + reports news to countries in EE Budapest, supporters of Nagy put up a fight.
> USSR = strengthened its armed forces. 1950: 2.8 million soldiers in the Red Army. 1955: almost 5.6
obvious agreements, the meeting appeared to show better relations between the superpowers + agreed because they believed that the free flow of information is banned by the government &
million.
that further talks would be held in Paris next summer. During the Hungarian Uprising of 1956, RFE broadcasts encouraged the protestors to Nagy + his supporters begged the West (particularly the
fight. However it is important to note that these RFE messages went against UN for support, but no support came.) = caused the
> Sep 1954 SEATO: US, Britain, France, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Austrian State Treaty, 1955: Eisenhower’s policy, which had said that the United States would not provide military uprising to fall apart. A new pro-Soviet government = set
Thailand, + Pakistan joined. Purpose = to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. May 15th 1955, the USSR, Britain, the US, + France signed a treaty = Austria independence + arranged for support for the Hungarian Uprising. up under Janos Kadar + Nagy were executed.
the withdrawal of all Allied forces. Up to this point , Austria = occupied by the Allies + these governments
> After the war the US tripled their defence budget including the amount of money they spent on arms. signed the agreement with the understanding + newly independent state of Austria = create a buffer zone
between the E + W. The Austrian State Treaty = only time during the CW that the USSR agreed to withdraw
> The Warsaw Pact = created in 1955. from territory that it occupied.
West Germany & NATO: Impact of events in Hungary in 1956 (Uprising & Soviet invasion)
May 1955, WG joined NATO = had full support of the WP, who would come to its aid in any disagreement
Soviet control restored: The failure of the US to do anything showed that they accepted the communist nations within EE were within the Soviet
sphere of influence - would therefore not get involved with them. US = would not challenge the USSR over their behaviour towards their satellite states.
The Arms Race: 4. Hydrogen Bomb: Truman = worried = US 7. 1957 = US developed the It showed that the USSR would act firmly to defend the Warsaw Pact and ensure the continuation of communist control + no satellite state could leave the
with the USSR. By giving WG membership
no longer had the advantage in the arms race, Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact members now knew they must do as they were told, or the USSR would invade and deal with them brutally. The
1. August 1945 = US successfully used intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) = in NATO, WG = access to weapons – USSR
+ he quickly ordered the development =
their atomic bombs = force Japanese believed that ICBMs = fire a nuclear weapon = did not like this.
powerful weapon: the hydrogen bomb (a MORE CONTROL IN H: The replacement of Nagy with pro-Soviet hardliner Kadar meant that Hungary would be under close control from the USSR +
at a target = 5,000 km away. 1960 = US =
surrender = WW2. thermonuclear weapon). Completed = 1952 =
had 295 ICBMS (120 more than the USSR).
The Warsaw Pact, 1955: increase in permanently stationed Soviet troops. Severe punishments for any Hungarians involved in the uprising - 12,000 = imprisoned 400 + executed.
1,000 times more powerful than the atomic USSR’s response to WG joining NATO =
bomb + gave the US back their advantage. create its own military alliance = Warsaw
Pact in 1955. The USSR believed that WG
International Condemnation: The UN set up an investigation in 1957 into the events of the Hungarian Uprising = lasted 5 months + 200+
2. 120,000 people = killed = total. The atomic testimonies written 100+ Hungarian refugees = interviewed - but no other action = taken.
bombs contained = 12,000 tonnes of TNT. 8. Few months later = 1957 = USSR tested its NATO membership = real danger of an
first ICBM + USSR also used ICBM technology to armed Germany on the borders of Soviet-
5. 1953: USSR successfully developed = controlled EE. The members were: the As a result of the Soviet invasion, thousands of WE’s left communist parties in their own nations, and some organisations disassociated themselves from
launch Sputnik 1 (the first ever satellite in space). By
hydrogen bomb. 1961 = USSR detonated the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Moscow’s control. E.g: Britain & France. Several countries in WE (Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland) boycotted the 1956 Melbourne Olympics because
using ICBM technology, the USSR = proven the
3. 29th August 1949 = USSR successfully largest (hydrogen) bomb ever seen (Tsar Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and EG = Russia was allowed to participate + did not agree with how the USSR had dealt with Hungary.
distance capabilities of ICBMs.
tested an atomic bomb. The US thought the Bomba) = nearly 50 tonnes = TNT. alliance = under the command of the USSR
USSR = not develop an atomic bomb = 1952- 9. 1958 = agreed in WG = US = obvious that Europe had been divided. Increase in superpower tension: Khrushchev became more confident in dealing with the USA because he now knew that they were unlikely to
1953. could place nuclear weapons in One side= under protection of the USA + risk taking military action. W = now believed that Khrushchev had been lying when he said he wanted ‘peaceful coexistence’ if he was willing to brutally deal
6. 1955 Massive Retaliation: = US announced = policy = ‘Massive Retaliation’ the country + by 1960 = 1,500 was working to defeat communism. The with his own satellite state + BRUTAL: The Soviet invasion of Hungary led to 200,000+ Hungarians leaving Hungary as refugees, many of whom went to the
which said that any attack on the US or its allies would be met with incredible nuclear warheads in WG = other side = led by the USSR + were trying US.
destructive force = this policy showed that nuclear weapons were central to US arguments = USSR claiming they to extend communist control.
policy. saw the weapons.
