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PHIL 120 Exam 3 (PHIL 120) | 2025/2026 | 100+ Q&A on Natural Theology, Divine Action, Evil, Cosmological Arguments

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This document features 100+ accurately answered and exam-ready questions from PHIL 120: Introduction to Philosophy, specifically for Exam 3 at the University of Illinois during the 2025/2026 academic year. It provides a deep, structured exploration of philosophical theology, including classical and neo-theist perspectives, core metaphysical doctrines, and objections related to divine attributes and the problem of evil. Key areas covered include: Natural vs. revealed theology and their roles in philosophical inquiry David Bentley Hart’s conception of God as the infinite ground of being, distinct from "gods" and physical beings Classical vs. neo-theist models of God, covering attributes like omnipotence, omniscience, immutability, and timelessness Arguments for divine simplicity, eternity, and immateriality, including logic-based defenses of immutability Special divine action (miracles) and the coherence of religious language through metaphor and analogy Doctrines of creation, especially creation ex nihilo and the sustaining role of God in classical theism The problem of evil, including both Epicurean and logical arguments against theism, with structured classical theist rebuttals Omnipotence theories: Cartesian, Thomistic, and logical constraints on divine power Major theistic arguments for God's existence, including cosmological (Kalam and non-Kalam), ontological, design, moral, and axiological frameworks Philosophical distinctions between contingent and necessary truths, and responses to the voluntarist and Platonic views on moral propositions This document is ideal for: Philosophy students preparing for exams in metaphysics, logic, or religious thought Students studying theology, apologetics, or comparative religion Pre-seminary and pre-law students developing logical reasoning around metaphysical issues Instructors or tutors seeking a ready-made bank of exam-level Q&A on core philosophical theology topics The Q&A format is concise yet rich in technical accuracy, using philosophical vocabulary aligned with academic standards in undergraduate philosophy courses. Keywords: natural theology, divine immutability, omnipotence, David Bentley Hart, special divine action, classical theism, creation ex nihilo, metaphysical simplicity, problem of evil, Epicurean objection, cosmological argument, ontological argument, moral argument, axiological argument, God’s eternity, University of Illinois philosophy

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Phil 120 Exam 3 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Correct Answers | New
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early in this third section of the course (and in the first section of the

course) the professor distinguish natural or philosophical theology from

reveal theology. explain the distinction - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔since most theists

are religious believers, and many agnostics and atheists are interested in

understanding the ramifications of natural theology for various religious

traditions, it will sometimes help to raise questions from within a particular

faith tradition when we are testing the results of a natural theology.

according to David B. Hart, when one uses the word 'God' properly-

according to a wide variety of religious traditions- what does one say about

,God? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔to speak of 'God' properly is to speak of the one

infinite ground of all that is: eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent,

uncreated, uncaused, perfectly transcendent of all things, and for that very

reason, immanent to all things


what does it mean to speak of 'gods'? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔to speak of 'gods' is

to speak only of a higher or more powerful or more splendid dimension of

immanent reality

according to Hart, how does one go about investigating the existence and

nature of God? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔God can be investigated by acts of logical

deduction and conjecture or, on the other? by contemplative or spiritual

experiences

how would one go about investigating the existence and nature of fairies

and gods? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔fairies or gods, if they exist, occupy something

of the same conceptual space as organic cells, photons, and the force of

gravity, and so the sciences might perhaps have something to say about

them, if a proper medium for investigating them could be found

when we began talking about the nature of God which two models of the

nature of God did we discuss? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔classical and neo-theism

, for our purposes in this class, how do we understand the meaning of

'special divine action'? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔miracles


with just a few exceptions all classic theists accept ________. - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔A,B, and C:


A there is one and only one God, whose existence is uncaused, and who is

metaphysically simple, immaterial, absolutely immutable, absolutely

perfect, timelessly eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, omni benevolent,

necessarily existent, the transcendent creator and sustainer ex-nihilo of all

things other than God and so immanent to- present to- all things other than

God at each and every moment of the existence of any such things as a

creating and conserving cost of the existence of such creative things. finally

God loves all created things




B God is not subject to physical laws, since God is immaterial and is the

creator of such laws; God is not subject to the laws of morality or logic in

the sense that such laws are something eternal to God; rather, The laws of

logic and morality are really partial expressions of God's own perfect being




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