NSC 408 Final exam Questions and
Answers | Fall 2025/26 Update | 100%
Correct
Describe the Alanine-Glucose Cycle - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. In the muscle,
glycogen (polymer of glucose) is converted to glucose which undergoes
glycolysis (to release ATP energy) making pyruvate
2. Pyruvate (alpha-ketoacid) is trans-animated with glutamate (amino acid,
which comes from the trans-animation of alpha-ketoglutarate and leucine)
to make Alanine (amino acid) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-ketoacid).
3. Alanine travels through blood to the liver, where it is trans-animated with
alpa-ketoglutarate to make glutamate and pyruvate.
4. Glutamate is deanimated to form NH3 which enters urea cycle and forms
urea for excretion
,5. Pyruvate undergoes gluconeogenesis forming glucose which then is
released into the blood and goes back to the muscle for energy usage
Glycolysis Definition/purpose - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- First step of cellular
respiration (purpose is to make energy [ATP] for cell to use)
- Breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
- Occurs in cytoplasm of cell
Glucagon
Insulin
Cytokines
Catecholamines
Cortisol - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔G - Raises blood glucose (activates glycogen
breakdown & gluconeogenesis)
- released in response to low blood glucose levels (adapted startvation)
I - Lowers blood glucose, causes cells to uptake glucose from blood to use
for energy)
, Cyto- Proteins involved in the inflammatory response (messengers)
Cat- Include adrenaline and dopamine (fight or flight response)
Cort - Increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis
- Released in response to stress and low blood glucose
Describe what happens for during adapted starvation for energy production
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Increased Responses
1. Adipose tissue is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids
are transported to the liver for ketogenesis which produces ketones that
enter the blood and travel to muscles for energy use. Fatty acids are also
taken to the muscle. Glycerol is taken to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
Regular Responses
1. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis produce glucose which travels to
the muscles and is broken down into pyruvate then turned into alanine and
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Answers | Fall 2025/26 Update | 100%
Correct
Describe the Alanine-Glucose Cycle - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. In the muscle,
glycogen (polymer of glucose) is converted to glucose which undergoes
glycolysis (to release ATP energy) making pyruvate
2. Pyruvate (alpha-ketoacid) is trans-animated with glutamate (amino acid,
which comes from the trans-animation of alpha-ketoglutarate and leucine)
to make Alanine (amino acid) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-ketoacid).
3. Alanine travels through blood to the liver, where it is trans-animated with
alpa-ketoglutarate to make glutamate and pyruvate.
4. Glutamate is deanimated to form NH3 which enters urea cycle and forms
urea for excretion
,5. Pyruvate undergoes gluconeogenesis forming glucose which then is
released into the blood and goes back to the muscle for energy usage
Glycolysis Definition/purpose - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- First step of cellular
respiration (purpose is to make energy [ATP] for cell to use)
- Breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
- Occurs in cytoplasm of cell
Glucagon
Insulin
Cytokines
Catecholamines
Cortisol - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔G - Raises blood glucose (activates glycogen
breakdown & gluconeogenesis)
- released in response to low blood glucose levels (adapted startvation)
I - Lowers blood glucose, causes cells to uptake glucose from blood to use
for energy)
, Cyto- Proteins involved in the inflammatory response (messengers)
Cat- Include adrenaline and dopamine (fight or flight response)
Cort - Increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis
- Released in response to stress and low blood glucose
Describe what happens for during adapted starvation for energy production
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Increased Responses
1. Adipose tissue is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids
are transported to the liver for ketogenesis which produces ketones that
enter the blood and travel to muscles for energy use. Fatty acids are also
taken to the muscle. Glycerol is taken to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
Regular Responses
1. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis produce glucose which travels to
the muscles and is broken down into pyruvate then turned into alanine and
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
