NSC 408 Final Exam Questions and
Answers | Fall 2025/26 Update | 100%
Correct
The relationship between vitamin D intake and risk for prostate cancer tells
us what? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔There is some optimal level of vitamin D intake
for protecting against prostate cancer, not too little, not too much.
Which of the following is a factor that helps determine the effect of a given
nutrient in our bodies? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-dosage (how much is consumed)-
nutrient timing (when the nutrient is consumed)-genotype
(mutations/polymorphisms)- co-exposure (other environmental factors that
can interact with the nutrient)
Which of the following are post-translational modifications of proteins? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔-Phosphorylation
,-Acetylation
-Methylation
After a gene is transcribed into messenger RNA,
_____
are generally spliced out, and excluded from the final mRNA transcript,
while most or all of the
______
which are known as the coding regions, remain, and are combined to
create the final mRNA transcript from which the protein is translated. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔-introns
-exons
How do humans possess millions of functional proteins in our bodies,
despite having a vastly smaller number of genes which encode for these
proteins? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Post-translational modifications of proteins
(phosphorylation, methylation, etc.) give proteins different structures and
functions
,- Differential/alternative splicing produces multiple different proteins per
gene
What information can be ascertained by using proteomic techniques? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔- The presence of multiple proteins
- Quantities of multiple proteins
- Information about post-translational modifications
- Changes in protein networks
List two ways a change in DNA can lead to a change in nutrient
metabolism. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔ubiquitination and phosphorylation
Nitrogen waste from amino acid degradation is excreted in the urine in the
form of? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Urea
In which organ does the urea cycle occur? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔liver
Under normal circumstances, pyruvate is converted to either acetyl-CoA or
oxaloacetate. When pyruvate builds up faster than it is being used in the
Krebs cycle, what immediate alternative pathway does it take? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔It is converted to lactate
ketogenic amino acids - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔leucine and lysine
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, glucogenic amino acids - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔all except leucine and lysine; can
be converted into intermediates that feed into gluconeogenesis
both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan and tyrosine
What is the major provider of carbons for gluconeogenesis in the absence
of glucose? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔amino acids
Under normal circumstances, pyruvate is converted to either acetyl-CoA or
oxaloacetate. Under what conditions would you expect pyruvate to build up
faster than it is being used? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- During anaerobic exercise
- When oxygen levels are insufficient for oxidative reactions
Excess amino acids are stored as proteins so that they can be used for
energy in times of fasting. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔false
Alanine transaminase
_____
(adds/removes) an amine group from/to alanine to create
_____ - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- removes
- urea
Answers | Fall 2025/26 Update | 100%
Correct
The relationship between vitamin D intake and risk for prostate cancer tells
us what? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔There is some optimal level of vitamin D intake
for protecting against prostate cancer, not too little, not too much.
Which of the following is a factor that helps determine the effect of a given
nutrient in our bodies? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-dosage (how much is consumed)-
nutrient timing (when the nutrient is consumed)-genotype
(mutations/polymorphisms)- co-exposure (other environmental factors that
can interact with the nutrient)
Which of the following are post-translational modifications of proteins? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔-Phosphorylation
,-Acetylation
-Methylation
After a gene is transcribed into messenger RNA,
_____
are generally spliced out, and excluded from the final mRNA transcript,
while most or all of the
______
which are known as the coding regions, remain, and are combined to
create the final mRNA transcript from which the protein is translated. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔-introns
-exons
How do humans possess millions of functional proteins in our bodies,
despite having a vastly smaller number of genes which encode for these
proteins? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Post-translational modifications of proteins
(phosphorylation, methylation, etc.) give proteins different structures and
functions
,- Differential/alternative splicing produces multiple different proteins per
gene
What information can be ascertained by using proteomic techniques? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔- The presence of multiple proteins
- Quantities of multiple proteins
- Information about post-translational modifications
- Changes in protein networks
List two ways a change in DNA can lead to a change in nutrient
metabolism. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔ubiquitination and phosphorylation
Nitrogen waste from amino acid degradation is excreted in the urine in the
form of? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Urea
In which organ does the urea cycle occur? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔liver
Under normal circumstances, pyruvate is converted to either acetyl-CoA or
oxaloacetate. When pyruvate builds up faster than it is being used in the
Krebs cycle, what immediate alternative pathway does it take? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔It is converted to lactate
ketogenic amino acids - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔leucine and lysine
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, glucogenic amino acids - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔all except leucine and lysine; can
be converted into intermediates that feed into gluconeogenesis
both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan and tyrosine
What is the major provider of carbons for gluconeogenesis in the absence
of glucose? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔amino acids
Under normal circumstances, pyruvate is converted to either acetyl-CoA or
oxaloacetate. Under what conditions would you expect pyruvate to build up
faster than it is being used? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- During anaerobic exercise
- When oxygen levels are insufficient for oxidative reactions
Excess amino acids are stored as proteins so that they can be used for
energy in times of fasting. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔false
Alanine transaminase
_____
(adds/removes) an amine group from/to alanine to create
_____ - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- removes
- urea
