ESTUDYR
CHAPTER 1-4 WILLIAMS' BASIC NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY UPDATED EXAM
WITH MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | ASSURED
SUCCESS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy and should make up what percent of total
calories?
A. 20–35%
B. ✅45–65%
C. 10–25%
D. 70–85%
Rationale: Dietary guidelines recommend ~45–65% kcal from carbohydrates for most adults.
How many kilocalories (kcal) does 1 gram of carbohydrate provide?
A. 2 kcal
B. ✅4 kcal
C. 7 kcal
D. 9 kcal
Rationale: Carbs and proteins provide ~4 kcal/g; fat provides ~9 kcal/g.
What is the body’s main storage form of carbohydrate?
A. Cellulose
B. Glucose
C. ✅Glycogen
D. Starch
Rationale: Glycogen (in liver and muscle) stores glucose for short-term energy needs.
Where is glycogen primarily stored?
A. Brain and adipose tissue
B. ✅Liver and muscle
C. Kidney and spleen
D. Pancreas and heart
Rationale: Liver glycogen helps blood glucose; muscle glycogen fuels muscle activity.
Glycogen is composed of repeating units of which monosaccharide?
A. Fructose
B. Galactose
C. ✅Glucose
D. Mannose
Rationale: Glycogen is a polymer of glucose units.
,ESTUDYR
Which macronutrient is essential for tissue building and repair?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fat
C. Vitamins
D. ✅Proteins
Rationale: Proteins provide amino acids needed for growth and repair.
When are proteins primarily used for energy?
A. Immediately after a meal
B. During intense exercise only
C. ✅When carbohydrate and fat stores are insufficient
D. Proteins are never used for energy
Rationale: Proteins are spare fuel when carbs/fats are low (starvation/fasting).
Proteins are composed of which building blocks?
A. Fatty acids
B. Monosaccharides
C. ✅Amino acids
D. Nucleotides
Rationale: Amino acids link via peptide bonds to form proteins.
Recommended percent of calories from protein for most adults is:
A. 5–10%
B. ✅10–35%
C. 35–50%
D. 40–60%
Rationale: AMDR for protein is 10–35% of kcal/day depending on needs.
How many kcal per gram does protein provide?
A. 2 kcal/g
B. ✅4 kcal/g
C. 7 kcal/g
D. 9 kcal/g
Rationale: Protein yields ~4 kcal per gram.
What is the body’s secondary storage form of energy?
A. Glycogen
B. Glucose
C. ✅Fat (adipose tissue)
,ESTUDYR
D. Protein
Rationale: Excess calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.
Recommended percent of calories from fat:
A. 5–10%
B. ✅20–35%
C. 40–55%
D. 60–75%
Rationale: AMDR for fat is ~20–35% of total energy for adults.
How many kcal per gram does fat provide?
A. 4 kcal/g
B. 7 kcal/g
C. ✅9 kcal/g
D. 2 kcal/g
Rationale: Fats are the most energy-dense macronutrient at ~9 kcal/g.
Rapid fat breakdown (when carbs are insufficient) produces:
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. ✅Ketones
D. Glycogen
Rationale: Ketogenesis occurs in low-carb states producing ketone bodies.
The total of all chemical processes in living cells that sustain life is called:
A. Catabolism only
B. Homeostasis
C. ✅Metabolism
D. Anabolism only
Rationale: Metabolism includes anabolism (build-up) and catabolism (breakdown).
Which nutrient groups are most involved in metabolic regulation?
A. Carbohydrates and fats
B. Proteins only
C. ✅Vitamins and minerals
D. Water and fiber
Rationale: Micronutrients serve as enzyme cofactors and regulators of metabolism.
Achieving balanced intake of macronutrients and variety results in:
A. Malnutrition
B. Overnutrition
, ESTUDYR
C. ✅Optimal nutrition
D. Starvation
Rationale: Balanced diet with variety supports optimal nutrition status.
Malnutrition is caused by:
A. Excess exercise only
B. Viral infection only
C. ✅Insufficient or improper diet
D. Genetic factors only
Rationale: Malnutrition refers to deficits or excesses of nutrients from poor diet.
Which groups are most at risk for undernutrition?
A. Athletes and office workers
B. Teenagers only
C. ✅Children, pregnant women, chronically ill, elderly
D. Healthy adults
Rationale: These groups have higher needs or barriers to adequate intake.
Which situations increase risk of undernutrition during illness?
A. Social activities
B. ✅Homelessness, hospitalization, poverty
C. Balanced diet
D. Daily exercise
Rationale: These conditions impair access to adequate nutritious food.
Excess nutrient and energy intake over time is termed:
A. Undernutrition
B. Malabsorption
C. ✅Overnutrition
D. Catabolism
Rationale: Overnutrition refers to chronic excess energy/nutrient intake.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) represent:
A. Minimum water intake only
B. Specific diet menu plans
C. ✅Nutrient intake values for healthy people
D. Recommendations only for athletes
Rationale: DRIs include RDAs, AIs, ULs for population-level guidance.
MyPlate emphasizes which dietary principles?
A. Eliminate fats and carbs
CHAPTER 1-4 WILLIAMS' BASIC NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY UPDATED EXAM
WITH MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | ASSURED
SUCCESS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy and should make up what percent of total
calories?
A. 20–35%
B. ✅45–65%
C. 10–25%
D. 70–85%
Rationale: Dietary guidelines recommend ~45–65% kcal from carbohydrates for most adults.
How many kilocalories (kcal) does 1 gram of carbohydrate provide?
A. 2 kcal
B. ✅4 kcal
C. 7 kcal
D. 9 kcal
Rationale: Carbs and proteins provide ~4 kcal/g; fat provides ~9 kcal/g.
What is the body’s main storage form of carbohydrate?
A. Cellulose
B. Glucose
C. ✅Glycogen
D. Starch
Rationale: Glycogen (in liver and muscle) stores glucose for short-term energy needs.
Where is glycogen primarily stored?
A. Brain and adipose tissue
B. ✅Liver and muscle
C. Kidney and spleen
D. Pancreas and heart
Rationale: Liver glycogen helps blood glucose; muscle glycogen fuels muscle activity.
Glycogen is composed of repeating units of which monosaccharide?
A. Fructose
B. Galactose
C. ✅Glucose
D. Mannose
Rationale: Glycogen is a polymer of glucose units.
,ESTUDYR
Which macronutrient is essential for tissue building and repair?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fat
C. Vitamins
D. ✅Proteins
Rationale: Proteins provide amino acids needed for growth and repair.
When are proteins primarily used for energy?
A. Immediately after a meal
B. During intense exercise only
C. ✅When carbohydrate and fat stores are insufficient
D. Proteins are never used for energy
Rationale: Proteins are spare fuel when carbs/fats are low (starvation/fasting).
Proteins are composed of which building blocks?
A. Fatty acids
B. Monosaccharides
C. ✅Amino acids
D. Nucleotides
Rationale: Amino acids link via peptide bonds to form proteins.
Recommended percent of calories from protein for most adults is:
A. 5–10%
B. ✅10–35%
C. 35–50%
D. 40–60%
Rationale: AMDR for protein is 10–35% of kcal/day depending on needs.
How many kcal per gram does protein provide?
A. 2 kcal/g
B. ✅4 kcal/g
C. 7 kcal/g
D. 9 kcal/g
Rationale: Protein yields ~4 kcal per gram.
What is the body’s secondary storage form of energy?
A. Glycogen
B. Glucose
C. ✅Fat (adipose tissue)
,ESTUDYR
D. Protein
Rationale: Excess calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.
Recommended percent of calories from fat:
A. 5–10%
B. ✅20–35%
C. 40–55%
D. 60–75%
Rationale: AMDR for fat is ~20–35% of total energy for adults.
How many kcal per gram does fat provide?
A. 4 kcal/g
B. 7 kcal/g
C. ✅9 kcal/g
D. 2 kcal/g
Rationale: Fats are the most energy-dense macronutrient at ~9 kcal/g.
Rapid fat breakdown (when carbs are insufficient) produces:
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. ✅Ketones
D. Glycogen
Rationale: Ketogenesis occurs in low-carb states producing ketone bodies.
The total of all chemical processes in living cells that sustain life is called:
A. Catabolism only
B. Homeostasis
C. ✅Metabolism
D. Anabolism only
Rationale: Metabolism includes anabolism (build-up) and catabolism (breakdown).
Which nutrient groups are most involved in metabolic regulation?
A. Carbohydrates and fats
B. Proteins only
C. ✅Vitamins and minerals
D. Water and fiber
Rationale: Micronutrients serve as enzyme cofactors and regulators of metabolism.
Achieving balanced intake of macronutrients and variety results in:
A. Malnutrition
B. Overnutrition
, ESTUDYR
C. ✅Optimal nutrition
D. Starvation
Rationale: Balanced diet with variety supports optimal nutrition status.
Malnutrition is caused by:
A. Excess exercise only
B. Viral infection only
C. ✅Insufficient or improper diet
D. Genetic factors only
Rationale: Malnutrition refers to deficits or excesses of nutrients from poor diet.
Which groups are most at risk for undernutrition?
A. Athletes and office workers
B. Teenagers only
C. ✅Children, pregnant women, chronically ill, elderly
D. Healthy adults
Rationale: These groups have higher needs or barriers to adequate intake.
Which situations increase risk of undernutrition during illness?
A. Social activities
B. ✅Homelessness, hospitalization, poverty
C. Balanced diet
D. Daily exercise
Rationale: These conditions impair access to adequate nutritious food.
Excess nutrient and energy intake over time is termed:
A. Undernutrition
B. Malabsorption
C. ✅Overnutrition
D. Catabolism
Rationale: Overnutrition refers to chronic excess energy/nutrient intake.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) represent:
A. Minimum water intake only
B. Specific diet menu plans
C. ✅Nutrient intake values for healthy people
D. Recommendations only for athletes
Rationale: DRIs include RDAs, AIs, ULs for population-level guidance.
MyPlate emphasizes which dietary principles?
A. Eliminate fats and carbs
