CHAMBERLAIN BIO 255 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW Questions and Answers

CHAMBERLAIN BIO 255 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW Questions and Answers What is positive feedback system? strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. (childbirth, breastfeeding, clotting) What is negative feedback? A response to a change in the body that counteracts or opposes the initial change. What is an example of negative feedback? Temperature, Blood glucose levels, Blood volume/ pH/ composition What is an example of positive feedback? -Blood clotting. The initial clotting triggers the formation of more clots. - child birth What is avascular? lack of blood vessels No blood supply What is vascular ? blood vessels (pulmonary division and systemic system) epithelial tissue A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out What are the four types of tissues? epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Muscular tissue is Contracts and moves the various parts of the body. - involuntary Muscular tissue is contractile Connective tissue is A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts Nervous tissue is highly cellular An example of nervous tissue brain An example of epithelial tissue skin (epidermis) An example of a connective tissue is the blood What are the three muscular tissues? skeletal, cardiac, smooth What is skeletal muscle? long, thin, cylindrical in shape, multinucleated, attached to bone and skin, voluntary movement, striated What is cardiac muscle? short, fat, branched, uninucleated, found in the heart, attached to intercalated discs, involuntary, striated What is smooth muscle? found in hollow organs, uninucleated, involuntary, lack striations What are the functions of muscles? Excitability, conductivity, extensibility, elasticity, contractility What is excitability? ability to receive and respond to stimuli What is conductivity? The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object. What is extensibility? the ability to be stretched or extended What is elasticity? ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched What is contractility? Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force for a given stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload What is polar? unequal sharing of electrons Why are epithelial cells polarized? polarization allows epithelial cells to transport molecules across the surface in a directional manner Three protein fibers of connective tissue Collagen, reticular and elastic fiber What is a collagen fiber? Strong fiber that gives tissues high tensile strength What is reticular fiber? Fibers that branch to form a supporting network What is elastic fiber? Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch What is chondroitin sulfate? provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels Where is chondroitin sulfate located in the body? Cartilage, bone , skin, ligaments and tendons What are functions of keratin? Makes cells tough, durable, and waterproof; resistant to mechanical and chemical damage and prevent desiccation (drying out) What are the layers of the skin? epidermis, dermis, hypodermis Where is keratin found? hair, nails and skin Where is merocrine located? all over the body where are merocrine glands most abundant? palms, soles, and forehead what are the functions of merocrine glands? thermoregulation, secretion, protection Where are sebaceous glands located? dermis what are the functions of sebaceous glands? Secrete sebum to lubricate the skin and discourage the growth of bacteria on the skin. where is the aporcine located? armpit and public regions what are the functions of the apocrine gland? responds to stress and sexual stimulation what are osteoclasts? cells that break down bone What are osteoblasts? bone forming cells what is the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts? osteoclasts are cells that break down the bones and osteoblasts are cells that form bones describe the six steps for endochondral ossification 1. development of a cartilaginous framework 2. formation of primary ossification center 3. development of medullary cavity and calcification 4. development of secondary ossification center 5. formation of articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, and spongy bone 6. closing of the epiphyseal plate and formation of epiphyseal line negative feedback is primary and most common mechanism for homeostatic regulation skeletal muscles are voluntary cardiac muscle are involuntary smooth muscle are involuntary describe the appearance of condyles A rounded knob that articulates with another bone (occipital condyles of the skull) describe the appearance of facets A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface (articular facets of the vertebrae) describe the appearance of heads The prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded (head of the femur) what bone constitutes most of the hard palate? palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone. What is the diaphysis? shaft of a long bone What is the metaphysis? where diaphysis and epiphysis meet What is the epiphysis? ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone (red bone marrow is found here) Anatomy of Synovial Joints articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels Diaphysis is made up of compact bone the compact bone helps to prevent friction epiphysis is made of spongy bone articular cartilage is found where? in epiphysis What are the six synovial joints? hinge, ball and socket, plane, saddle, condyloid, pivot hinge joints Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane. example of hinge joint elbow and knee ball and socket joint are smooth hemispherical head of one bone that fits into the cuplike socket of another bone example of ball and socket joint shoulder and hip What is a plane joint? Movement in only one plane: transverse or frontal plane. Examples: The carpal and tarsal bones, between the articular processes of the vertebrae, and at the sternoclavicular joint What is a saddle joint? 2 bones that fit together like a rider in a saddle; allows for many movements what is a condylar joint? When one bone has an oval surface and the opposing bone has a shallow depression for the oval; allows movement around 2 axes example of condylar joint radius of forearm What is a pivot joint? A joint that allows side to side movement and up and down movement. example of pivot joint neck what type of mobility is observed in synovial joints? freely mobile; they can move freely what does the term "diarthroses" mean? freely mobile why is the talocrural joint classified as a "hinge joint"? because it allow movement in two directions; dorsiflexion (toes towards the shin) and plantarflexion (pointing toes) Where is the sacroiliac joint? between sacrum and ilium What is a sarcomere? contractile unit of a muscle fiber what is the effect of Acetylcholine attaching to its receptor ? ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma. The voltage on the sarcolemma quickly rises to a less negative value as Na+ enters the cell, then falls back to the RMP as K+ exits. This rapid up-and-down fluctuation in voltage at the motor end plate is called the end-plate potential (EPP). what are the differences between muscle twitches, incomplete tetanus and complete tetanus? incomplete tetanus; the muscle goes through a quick cycle of contraction with a short relaxation phase for each. complete tetanus; the frequency is high that the relaxation phase disappears completely, contractions become continuous. What are agonists? drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter What are antagonists? drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter What are synergists? Muscle(s) that assist the agonist in movement muscles of the quadriceps group rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius Muscles of the hamstring group biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus what is the functions of the nervous system? 1. to collect process and respond to information in the environment 2. to co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells around the body what event is occurring in figure 3.19? The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump itself (fig. 3.19) is a good example of primary active transport. Properties of graded potentials 1. Graded 2. Decremental 3. Depolarizing (EPSP) or Hyperpolarizing (IPSP) 4. Summation Local potentials are graded, meaning they vary in magnitude (voltage) according to the strength of the stimulus. local potentials are Produced by gated channels on the dendrites and soma action potential are Produced by voltage-gated channels on the trigger zone and axon local potential are Reversible; returns to RMP if stimulation ceases before threshold is reached regions of the body innervated by the phrenic nerves the diaphragm and work in conjunction with secondary respiratory muscle regions of the body innervated by the vagus nerves the crural area of the diaphragm; where the esophagus passes) functions of cerebrospinal fluid buoyancy, protection, chemical stability location of primary somatosensory cortex postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe location of primary motor cortex precentral gyrus of frontal lobe what is the mneomic device for cranial nerves? Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy Vague And Hypoactive