EXAM 1 - BIOS255 CHAMBERLAIN Questions and Answers

EXAM 1 - BIOS255 CHAMBERLAIN Questions and Answers Plasma consists of water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes plasma is ___ percent of blood 55% buffy coat composed of white blood cells and platelets Viscosity resistance of fluid to flow osmolarity dissolved particles in the blood that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall If you need to examine antibodies against a virus in a patient, which part of the blood will you need? plasma albumin smallest and most abundant plasma protein viscosity and osmolarity what do albumins influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance globulins alpha, beta, gamma provide immune system functions fibrinogen help form blood clots RBCs (erythrocytes) count 4.2-6.2 million uL WBCs (leukocytes) count 5000-10,000 uL platelet count 130,000-360,000/uL A normal hematocrit is ___ of the total blood volume 37-52% The myeoblast cell line gives rise to which mature blood cells? Neutrophils and basophils Where does hematopoiesis take place in adults? red bone marrow The biconcave formed elements that lack mitochondria and a nucleus are called red blood cells Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape? allows to carry oxygen efficiently red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow to make an RBC you need EPO; amino acids; iron; vitamin B12 hemoglobin is made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta heme and globin iron in the center of hemoglobin helps to beind molecular oxygen hemoglobin function regulates blood flow and pressure Polycythemia excess of RBC anemia too few RBC sickle cell disease Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape. where are antigens found found on surface of RBC antibodies carried in plasma blood type A antigen A and anti-B antibodies blood type B antigen B and anti-A antibodies blood type AB both antigen AB, not antibodies blood type O no antigens, anti A and B antibodies Type AB is the universal recipient (no antibodies) type O is the universal donor (no antigens) hemoglobin recycling Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components Globular proteins to amino acids Heme to biliverdin Iron breakdown and disposal of heme biliverdin bilirubin bile granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils agranulocytes lymphocytes and monocytes neutrophils first WBC to arrive at infection most numerous WBC What do neutrophils do? engulf bacteria Eosinophils parasitic worms, inflammatory chemicals eosinophils functions fended against parasitic worm infections basophils allergic reactions, secrete histamine and heparin Basophils secrete heparin and histamine monocytes phagocytize bacteria and dead cells lymphocytes T cells and B cells important in immunity What do T cells do? attack microbes, tumor cells What do B cells do? produce antibodies Neutrophil percentage 60% lymphocyte percentage 30% monocyte percentage 8% eosinophil percentage 3% basophils percentage 1% lymphoid stem cells give rise to B and T cell lymphocytes, and natural killer cells myeloid stem cells give rise to RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils steps to hemostasis vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation vascular spasm immediate protection against blood loss constriction of a broken vessel vascular spasm causes nociceptors trigger constriction smooth muscle injury platelets release serotonin platelet plug formation platelets stick to broken vessel, degranulate, release substances positive feedback cycle until break in vessel is sealed coagulation most effective conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin to form clot Procoagulants (clotting factors) present in plasma produced by liver extrinsic pathway occurs in seconds after outside trauma extrinsic pathway involves factor 5 and calcium intrinsic pathway takes longer, occurs within blood intrinsic pathway involves factor 5, 10, and calcium Aggulation clumping of red blood cells position of the heart slightly left of midline, deep to the sternum between ribs 2-5 apex rests above diaphragm Heart is surrounded by the pericardium visceral pericardium faces the heart parietal pericardium faces away from the heart pericardial fluid resides within the pericardium acts to reduce friction as the heart beats epicardium consists of consists of the visceral pericardium epicardium function production of pericardial fluid and reduction of friction against tissues myocardium consists of consist of the cardiac muscle myocardium function pump blood throughout body to deliver nutrients endocardium consist of epithelial layer and underlying basement membrane endocardium function provide smooth surface for blood movement protection of valves regulate contractility walls of atria are thin walls of atria function to collect blood from major veins and deliver to ventricles walls of ventricles are thick walls of ventricles function to generate enough pressure to pump blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuit what wall is the thickest left ventricular wall why is the left ventricular wall the thickest? it pumps blood to entire body