RST 230 FINAL EXAM | 2025/2026
PREPARATIONS | QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
GUARANTEE TO PASS!!
Terms visually impaired, partially sighted, or low vision describe... - answers a serious
loss in vision that cannot be corrected by medical or surgical procedures or with
conventional glasses
The quality of vision is measured by which two factors? - answers 1. acuity
2. visual field
Define acuity - answers the amount of detail an individual sees compared to what a
person with normal vision sees
Define visual field. What is a normal degree for one to see? - answers -this includes the
entire area that can be seen at one time with the fixed eye
-170 degrees is normal
Tunnel vision VS peripheral vision (TEST!) - answers tunnel vision is when you can only
see straight ahead and not to the side. Peripheral vision is when you can see to the
side, but not straight ahead
Define ocular dominance & the miles test - answers -the tendency to prefer visual input
from one eye over the other
-create a triangle with hands
Visual impairments- cataracts (what is it) - answers It's when your lens become milky or
cloudy and the cloudiness distorts rays of light and prevents light from being focused on
the retina. It is the primary cause of blindness among older adults
Visual impairments- cataracts (symtoms) - answers blurred vision, double vision, poor
night vision, need for bright lights while reading
Visual impairments- cataracts (causes) - answers -lack of oxygen, which leads to
disturbance in the nutrition of the lends
-external forces (i.e. electrical shock, wounds, or x-rays)
Visual impairments- glaucoma - answers it is caused by the increased pressure, due to
liquid, within the eyeball (optic nerve). This results in damage to the optic nerve.
,Symptoms are loss of peripheral vision, sensitivity to light and glare, problems with night
vision, and blurred vision
Visual impairments- diabetic retinopathy - answers Diabetes causes changes in blood
vessels in the retina that causes hemorrhaging. One of the most common causes of
visual impairments and blindness in the US. Symptoms are spots floating in the visual
field, vision loss, blurred vision, and poor night vision
List the causes of visual impairments - answers -Aging (#1)
-Congenital (born with it)
-Brain injury
-Disease
-Accidents
-Sports injuries
-Stupidity
Tools for those who are living with visual impairments - answers -White canes
-GPS devices
-Guide dogs
-Echolocation
Define hearing impairment - answers General term used to describe all types of hearing
loss, ranging from very mild to profound deafness
Define deafness - answers When a person is unable to understand speech through the
ear alone, either with or without hearing aids
Define hard of hearing - answers People who have mild to moderate hearing loss
pre-lingual vs post-lingual hearing loss - answers Pre: A hearing loss that occurs before
speech develops (born deaf or very young)
Post: Occurs after an adult person learns to speak
How does congenital hearing loss occur? - answers 1. maternal viral infection
2. Rh incompatibility
How are rhesus babies made? - answers When a woman is negative and the man is
positive
What happens to the mother and baby when Rh is incompatible? - answers -The babies
blood will enter the bloodstream of the mothers and the mom will treat the babies
protein as a disease. She'll start to create antibodies to try to kill the red blood cells of
the baby. The child will be born fine. -However, since the mother already create
antibodies, she will start to kill her next baby. Shots and bloodwork can prevent this,
though.
,Describe conductive hearing loss - answers -Outer or middle ear
-Obstruction of the ear canal, puncture of ear drum, or otosclerosis (calcification and
softening of the three little bones in the middle ear)
Describe sensorineural hearing loss - answers -Cochlea
-Aging, viral infections, noise levels, Rh incompatibility, fevers
Describe central hearing loss - answers -Hearing portions of the brain
-pathways to the brain or the brain itself is damaged due to an accident, tumor, etc
What are the methods of communicating to those who are hard of hearing? How should
you properly communicate? - answers -Lip reading
-Sign language
-technical assistance (i.e. hearing aids)
1. get their attention
2. speak clearly and distinctly at a normal rate and volume
3. be expensive
4. prevent distractions
5. position yourself
Steps for working with sign language interpreters - answers 1. don't speak to the
interpreter, rather the person with the impairment
2. talk in the first person
3. do not ask the interpreter to interpret select portions of what you are saying
4. make sure the person with the impairment can see you both
5. give all materials to the person with the impairment, not to the interpreter
6. speak normally
Define autistic spectrum disorder - answers It is a complex developmental disability that
involves a number of specific communication, social, and behavior impairments
What are the common impairments associated with autistic spectrum disorder? -
answers limited vocabulary, lack of social play, impaired interactions with individuals,
lack of eye contact, can't establish friendships, verbal and nonverbal communication,
tantrums, special talents, need to follow routines (or else they'll be upset), they run
away, flop hands, rock their body, and more
How were intellectual disabilities/mental retardation diagnosed PRIOR to 1992? -
answers -Based on IQ only, if it was below 70/75 you could be considered as having an
intellectual disability
How were intellectual disabilities/mental retardation diagnosed AFTER 1992? - answers
You need to meet these three criteria...
(1) IQ (still below 70/75)
(2) Adaptive Skill Areas (impairment in at least two adaptive skill areas)
, I.e. communication, self-care, home living, social, community, health, safety, leisure,
etc.
(3) Time of onset
Diagnosed prior to age 18 (during the developmental period)
What are the non-organic causes of intellectual disabilities/mental retardation? -
answers It is when there is no known medical cause
(nothing external that caused the disability)
What are the organic causes of intellectual disabilities/mental retardation? - answers
Incest. Also HFetal alcohol syndrome. This means that your baby may have poor
memory, poor attention, impulsive behavior, and poor cause-effect reasoning.
How is one diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome? - answers -Wide nasal bridge,
narrowly set eyes, very thin upper lip, smooth vermillion (it is a flat area between upper
lip and nose instead of curvy), number of creases in the palm of a hand (simian crease:
only one normal crease on hand)
-Growth deficiency: they are prenatal or below the 10th percentile of the normal birth
weight
-Damage to the central nervous system: very small head circumference
How is down syndrome caused? - answers -caused by an extra chromosome
Name the intellectual disabilities that come with aging - answers Alzheimer's Disease
and Dementia
Special considerations when working with those who have intellectual disabilities/MR -
answers -Significantly lower strength
-High obesity rates
-More time needed to learn skills
-Slower performance
-Unable to handle multiple instructions at the same time
When working with those who have an intellectual disability in a recreational settings... -
answers -Focus on abilities
-Make it understandable
-Repeat instructions
-Visual learners
-Ensure dignity
Facilitate decision making
-Provide feedback
-Look to experts for support
-Structure the environment
-Set clear behavioral expectations
-Ensure safety
PREPARATIONS | QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
GUARANTEE TO PASS!!
Terms visually impaired, partially sighted, or low vision describe... - answers a serious
loss in vision that cannot be corrected by medical or surgical procedures or with
conventional glasses
The quality of vision is measured by which two factors? - answers 1. acuity
2. visual field
Define acuity - answers the amount of detail an individual sees compared to what a
person with normal vision sees
Define visual field. What is a normal degree for one to see? - answers -this includes the
entire area that can be seen at one time with the fixed eye
-170 degrees is normal
Tunnel vision VS peripheral vision (TEST!) - answers tunnel vision is when you can only
see straight ahead and not to the side. Peripheral vision is when you can see to the
side, but not straight ahead
Define ocular dominance & the miles test - answers -the tendency to prefer visual input
from one eye over the other
-create a triangle with hands
Visual impairments- cataracts (what is it) - answers It's when your lens become milky or
cloudy and the cloudiness distorts rays of light and prevents light from being focused on
the retina. It is the primary cause of blindness among older adults
Visual impairments- cataracts (symtoms) - answers blurred vision, double vision, poor
night vision, need for bright lights while reading
Visual impairments- cataracts (causes) - answers -lack of oxygen, which leads to
disturbance in the nutrition of the lends
-external forces (i.e. electrical shock, wounds, or x-rays)
Visual impairments- glaucoma - answers it is caused by the increased pressure, due to
liquid, within the eyeball (optic nerve). This results in damage to the optic nerve.
,Symptoms are loss of peripheral vision, sensitivity to light and glare, problems with night
vision, and blurred vision
Visual impairments- diabetic retinopathy - answers Diabetes causes changes in blood
vessels in the retina that causes hemorrhaging. One of the most common causes of
visual impairments and blindness in the US. Symptoms are spots floating in the visual
field, vision loss, blurred vision, and poor night vision
List the causes of visual impairments - answers -Aging (#1)
-Congenital (born with it)
-Brain injury
-Disease
-Accidents
-Sports injuries
-Stupidity
Tools for those who are living with visual impairments - answers -White canes
-GPS devices
-Guide dogs
-Echolocation
Define hearing impairment - answers General term used to describe all types of hearing
loss, ranging from very mild to profound deafness
Define deafness - answers When a person is unable to understand speech through the
ear alone, either with or without hearing aids
Define hard of hearing - answers People who have mild to moderate hearing loss
pre-lingual vs post-lingual hearing loss - answers Pre: A hearing loss that occurs before
speech develops (born deaf or very young)
Post: Occurs after an adult person learns to speak
How does congenital hearing loss occur? - answers 1. maternal viral infection
2. Rh incompatibility
How are rhesus babies made? - answers When a woman is negative and the man is
positive
What happens to the mother and baby when Rh is incompatible? - answers -The babies
blood will enter the bloodstream of the mothers and the mom will treat the babies
protein as a disease. She'll start to create antibodies to try to kill the red blood cells of
the baby. The child will be born fine. -However, since the mother already create
antibodies, she will start to kill her next baby. Shots and bloodwork can prevent this,
though.
,Describe conductive hearing loss - answers -Outer or middle ear
-Obstruction of the ear canal, puncture of ear drum, or otosclerosis (calcification and
softening of the three little bones in the middle ear)
Describe sensorineural hearing loss - answers -Cochlea
-Aging, viral infections, noise levels, Rh incompatibility, fevers
Describe central hearing loss - answers -Hearing portions of the brain
-pathways to the brain or the brain itself is damaged due to an accident, tumor, etc
What are the methods of communicating to those who are hard of hearing? How should
you properly communicate? - answers -Lip reading
-Sign language
-technical assistance (i.e. hearing aids)
1. get their attention
2. speak clearly and distinctly at a normal rate and volume
3. be expensive
4. prevent distractions
5. position yourself
Steps for working with sign language interpreters - answers 1. don't speak to the
interpreter, rather the person with the impairment
2. talk in the first person
3. do not ask the interpreter to interpret select portions of what you are saying
4. make sure the person with the impairment can see you both
5. give all materials to the person with the impairment, not to the interpreter
6. speak normally
Define autistic spectrum disorder - answers It is a complex developmental disability that
involves a number of specific communication, social, and behavior impairments
What are the common impairments associated with autistic spectrum disorder? -
answers limited vocabulary, lack of social play, impaired interactions with individuals,
lack of eye contact, can't establish friendships, verbal and nonverbal communication,
tantrums, special talents, need to follow routines (or else they'll be upset), they run
away, flop hands, rock their body, and more
How were intellectual disabilities/mental retardation diagnosed PRIOR to 1992? -
answers -Based on IQ only, if it was below 70/75 you could be considered as having an
intellectual disability
How were intellectual disabilities/mental retardation diagnosed AFTER 1992? - answers
You need to meet these three criteria...
(1) IQ (still below 70/75)
(2) Adaptive Skill Areas (impairment in at least two adaptive skill areas)
, I.e. communication, self-care, home living, social, community, health, safety, leisure,
etc.
(3) Time of onset
Diagnosed prior to age 18 (during the developmental period)
What are the non-organic causes of intellectual disabilities/mental retardation? -
answers It is when there is no known medical cause
(nothing external that caused the disability)
What are the organic causes of intellectual disabilities/mental retardation? - answers
Incest. Also HFetal alcohol syndrome. This means that your baby may have poor
memory, poor attention, impulsive behavior, and poor cause-effect reasoning.
How is one diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome? - answers -Wide nasal bridge,
narrowly set eyes, very thin upper lip, smooth vermillion (it is a flat area between upper
lip and nose instead of curvy), number of creases in the palm of a hand (simian crease:
only one normal crease on hand)
-Growth deficiency: they are prenatal or below the 10th percentile of the normal birth
weight
-Damage to the central nervous system: very small head circumference
How is down syndrome caused? - answers -caused by an extra chromosome
Name the intellectual disabilities that come with aging - answers Alzheimer's Disease
and Dementia
Special considerations when working with those who have intellectual disabilities/MR -
answers -Significantly lower strength
-High obesity rates
-More time needed to learn skills
-Slower performance
-Unable to handle multiple instructions at the same time
When working with those who have an intellectual disability in a recreational settings... -
answers -Focus on abilities
-Make it understandable
-Repeat instructions
-Visual learners
-Ensure dignity
Facilitate decision making
-Provide feedback
-Look to experts for support
-Structure the environment
-Set clear behavioral expectations
-Ensure safety
