BI 122 - GRCC Forbes Exam 4 | Questions with
Correct Answers | 100% Pass
What causes osmotic diuresis? - ANSWER -Glucosuria causes water to be drawn
into the renal tubules, increasing urine volume, which is osmotic diuresis.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Nephrotic Syndrome - ANSWER -Nephrotic syndrom occurs when disease
increases glomerular membranes permeability and allows proteins to pass into
tubules, causing urine (proteinuria). Results in systemic edema.
Step 3: (Tubular) Secretion - ANSWER -Movement of substances from the
peritubular capillary → interstitial fluid → renal tubule, e.g., H+, K+, ammonia.
Urine Formation Equation - ANSWER -Urine Volume = filtration volume -
reabsorption volume + secretion volume
OR
Urine Volume = filtration volume + secretion volume - reabsorption volume
Urine Composition - ANSWER -1. H20 - 95%
2. Urea - From amino acid catabolism
3. Uric Acid - From nucleic acid catabolism
4. Creatinine - Fromm creatine catabolism
5. Electrolytes
6. Vitamins - water soluble (C & B)
Function of the Ureters - ANSWER -Deliver urine from pelvis to urinary bladder
Structure of the Ureters - ANSWER -1. Mucousal Layer
2. Muscular Layer
3. Fibrous Coat
Mucousal Layer of the Uterters - ANSWER -Mucous lining is transitional
epithelium and extends into tubules
, PATHOLOGY NOTE:
UTI's - ANSWER -Infections of the urinary bladder (cystitis) easily ascend into the
ureters causing (ureteritis) and then into the kidneys (nephritis). UTI's are most
common in females due to short urethra.
Muscular Layer of the Ureters - ANSWER -Peristalsis begins in pelvis and moves
down ureters moving urine into bladder past valve.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Kidney Stones - ANSWER -Kidney stone may play lumen or ureter causing
increased peristalsis.
60% pass naturally but very painful.
Function of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Storage of urine
Structure of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -1. Mucosal Layer
2. Submucousal Layer
3. Muscular Layer
4. Serous Layer
Mucosal Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Transitional epithelium
Submucousal Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Connective Tissue with
increased number of elastic fibers
Muscular Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Interlaced smooth muscle
form the detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter.
Involuntary muscle.
Serous Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Parietal peritoneum.
Superior surface of the urinary bladder ONLY
Function of the Urethra - ANSWER -Convey urine from bladder to expulsion and
carry semen.
, Structure of the Urethra - ANSWER -1. Mucosal Layer
2. Muscular Layer
Muscular Layer of the Urethra - ANSWER -Smooth muscle.
Important in ejaculation.
Micturition - ANSWER -Bladder stretch receptions cause urination reflex and:
1. Contraction of detrusor
2. Relaxation of internal sphincter
Flow restricted by contraction of external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle).
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Enuresis & Nocturnal Enuresis - ANSWER -Young children may lack unconscious
control of the external sphincter resulting in enuresis.
Common at night, known as nocturnal enuresis.
More common in ADD/ADHD children.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Incontinence - ANSWER -Incontinence is the loss of micturition control (urinary
output).
Caused by spill cord damage, pregnancy, obesity, age or pathology, e.g., enlarged
prostate.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Urinary Incontinence (SUI) - ANSWER -Inability of the urethra/sphincter to
properly regulate outflow of urine from bladder due to stretching (stress) of the
pelvic flow muscles and stretching of the connective tissue between the bladder
and vagina.
Life Span Changes in regards to the Urinary System - ANSWER -1. Kidney cells
decrease numbers
2. Glomeruli numbers decrease
3. Fats deposit in tubules decrease absorption
4. Renal blood flow decreases
Correct Answers | 100% Pass
What causes osmotic diuresis? - ANSWER -Glucosuria causes water to be drawn
into the renal tubules, increasing urine volume, which is osmotic diuresis.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Nephrotic Syndrome - ANSWER -Nephrotic syndrom occurs when disease
increases glomerular membranes permeability and allows proteins to pass into
tubules, causing urine (proteinuria). Results in systemic edema.
Step 3: (Tubular) Secretion - ANSWER -Movement of substances from the
peritubular capillary → interstitial fluid → renal tubule, e.g., H+, K+, ammonia.
Urine Formation Equation - ANSWER -Urine Volume = filtration volume -
reabsorption volume + secretion volume
OR
Urine Volume = filtration volume + secretion volume - reabsorption volume
Urine Composition - ANSWER -1. H20 - 95%
2. Urea - From amino acid catabolism
3. Uric Acid - From nucleic acid catabolism
4. Creatinine - Fromm creatine catabolism
5. Electrolytes
6. Vitamins - water soluble (C & B)
Function of the Ureters - ANSWER -Deliver urine from pelvis to urinary bladder
Structure of the Ureters - ANSWER -1. Mucousal Layer
2. Muscular Layer
3. Fibrous Coat
Mucousal Layer of the Uterters - ANSWER -Mucous lining is transitional
epithelium and extends into tubules
, PATHOLOGY NOTE:
UTI's - ANSWER -Infections of the urinary bladder (cystitis) easily ascend into the
ureters causing (ureteritis) and then into the kidneys (nephritis). UTI's are most
common in females due to short urethra.
Muscular Layer of the Ureters - ANSWER -Peristalsis begins in pelvis and moves
down ureters moving urine into bladder past valve.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Kidney Stones - ANSWER -Kidney stone may play lumen or ureter causing
increased peristalsis.
60% pass naturally but very painful.
Function of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Storage of urine
Structure of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -1. Mucosal Layer
2. Submucousal Layer
3. Muscular Layer
4. Serous Layer
Mucosal Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Transitional epithelium
Submucousal Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Connective Tissue with
increased number of elastic fibers
Muscular Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Interlaced smooth muscle
form the detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter.
Involuntary muscle.
Serous Layer of the Urinary Bladder - ANSWER -Parietal peritoneum.
Superior surface of the urinary bladder ONLY
Function of the Urethra - ANSWER -Convey urine from bladder to expulsion and
carry semen.
, Structure of the Urethra - ANSWER -1. Mucosal Layer
2. Muscular Layer
Muscular Layer of the Urethra - ANSWER -Smooth muscle.
Important in ejaculation.
Micturition - ANSWER -Bladder stretch receptions cause urination reflex and:
1. Contraction of detrusor
2. Relaxation of internal sphincter
Flow restricted by contraction of external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle).
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Enuresis & Nocturnal Enuresis - ANSWER -Young children may lack unconscious
control of the external sphincter resulting in enuresis.
Common at night, known as nocturnal enuresis.
More common in ADD/ADHD children.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Incontinence - ANSWER -Incontinence is the loss of micturition control (urinary
output).
Caused by spill cord damage, pregnancy, obesity, age or pathology, e.g., enlarged
prostate.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Urinary Incontinence (SUI) - ANSWER -Inability of the urethra/sphincter to
properly regulate outflow of urine from bladder due to stretching (stress) of the
pelvic flow muscles and stretching of the connective tissue between the bladder
and vagina.
Life Span Changes in regards to the Urinary System - ANSWER -1. Kidney cells
decrease numbers
2. Glomeruli numbers decrease
3. Fats deposit in tubules decrease absorption
4. Renal blood flow decreases
