2017-18 100 &
op kers
Class 11 T
By E ran culty
-JE Fa r
IIT enior emie .
S fP r es
o titut
Ins
CHEMISTRY
FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
SECOND
EDITION
Exhaustive Theory
(Now Revised)
Formula Sheet
9000+ Problems
based on latest JEE pattern
2500 + 1000 (New) Problems
of previous 35 years of
AIEEE (JEE Main) and IIT-JEE (JEE Adv)
5000+Illustrations and Solved Examples
Detailed Solutions
of all problems available
Plancess Concepts
Topic Covered Tips & Tricks, Facts, Notes, Misconceptions,
Key Take Aways, Problem Solving Tactics
Basic Principles of
Organic Chemistry PlancEssential
Questions recommended for revision
, 8. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. INTRODUCTION
What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of most carbon compounds with the exception of a few (e.g., CO2 and carbonate
salts). While inorganic chemistry deals with the study of all other compounds.
2. PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
In general, organic compounds.
(a) Are far more in number than inorganic compounds. This is due to the catenation property of the C atom.
Carbon has the ability to form bonds with almost every other element (Other than the noble gases), forming
long chains as well as ring compounds. Moreover, C compounds exist as many isomers.
(b) React more slowly and require higher temperatures for reactions to take place.
(c) Are less stable and sometimes decompose on heating to compounds of lower energy levels.
(d) Undergo more complex reactions and produce more side reaction products.
(e) Are largely insoluble in water.
(f) Have generally lower melting and boiling points.
(g) Are classified into families of compounds such as carboxylic acids, which have similar reactive groups and
chemical properties.
(h) Are mostly obtained from animals or plants as opposed to the mineral origin of inorganic compounds.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
They are classified follows:
Classification of organic compounds is basically based on the functional group. The chemical properties of
compound depends on the properties of the functional group present in it. The rest of the molecule simply affects
the physical properties, e.g., m.p., b.p., density etc. and has very little effect on its chemical properties.
,8 . 2 | Basic Principles of Organic Chemistr y
Organic compounds
Open chain or acrylic or Closed chain or
aliphatic compounds, alicyclic or cyclic or
e.g. CH4 (Methane) ring compounds
C2H6(Ethane)
Straight chain Branched chain
CH3CH2CH3 CH3 CH CH3
(Propane)
CH3
CH3 C H (Isobutane)
O
(Ethanol)
Homocyclic or Heterocyclic compounds
carbocyclic compounds
( (
Contains hetero
( Containing rings of
entirely C atom ( atom in ring
e.g. N, O, S, P, etc
Alicyclic Aromatic N S O
compounds compounds Pyridine Thiophene Furan
O
Benzenoid Non-benzenoid (THF)
(Cyclopropane) compounds compounds Tetrahydrofuran
(Benzene)
(Cyclobutane) (Azulene)
CH3
(Toluene)
O
(Cyclohexane) (Tropolone)
(Naphthalene)
Flowchart 8.1: Classification of organic compound
Homologous Series
Organic compounds containing one particular characteristic group or functional group constitute a homologous
series, e.g., alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids amines etc.
4. NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4.1 Trivial or Common Names
In the earlier days, because of the absence of IUPAC names, the names of the compounds were dependent on the
source from which the compound was obtained. Even today, in spite of IUPAC nomenclature some of the common
names are still at use. In some case, where the IUPAC name is very tedious we prefer to use common names, for
example lactic acid, sucrose etc.
, Chem i str y | 8.3
Table 8.1: Common names of organic compounds, their sources, and structures
S.No Common name Source Structure
1. Formic acid Formica (red ant) HCOOH
2. Acetic acid Acetum (vinegar) MeCOOH
3. Propionic acid Portopion (first fat) MeCH2COOH
4. Butyric acid Butyrum (butter) MeCH2CH2COOH
5. Valeric acid Valerian (shrub) Me(CH2)3COOH
6. Caproic acid Caper (Goat) Me(CH2)4COOH
7. Urea Urine NH2CONH2
8. Malic acid Malum (apple) CH2COOH
|
CH(OH)COOH
9. Methyl alcohol Methu hule (Mehtu-wine, hule = wood) MeOH
4.2 IUPAC Names
The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds is a systematic method of naming organic compounds as
recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This system uses substitutive
nomenclature, which is based on the principal group, and principal chain. The IUPAC rules for the naming of alkanes
from the basis of the substitutive nomenclature of most other compounds -
IUPAC name
Prefix Word root Suffix
Basic units of name
Denotes the no. of
Primary prefix Secondary prefix Primarysuffix Secondary suffix
Distinguish from Added before word root C atoms in the longest Added to primary suffix
Added to word root
acyclic compounds primary prefix chain such as C1-Meth, Indicates the nature of the
Indicates whether the C
C2-Eth, C3-Prop, C4-But, functional group, e.g.,
CH2 (carboxylic compounds) chain is saturated or
C5-Pent, etc alcohol (—OH),
Treated as substituents and unsaturated
CH2 CH2 aldehyde (—CHO),
not functional groups Saturated
Added in alphabetical CH2OH
CH2 CH2 (for single bond)
order –F(Fluoro),–NO (Nitroso),etc. Eth+ane +ol
—ane
Cyclo + Pent + ane Word primary suffix root
Primary Word Primary Unsaturated :
secondary suffix
prefix root suffix (for one double bond)
—ene
(for two double bond)
—diene
(for one triple bond)
—yne
(for two triple bonds)
—diyne
Br Br
A complete IUPAC name consists of
Sec. prefix 1 Pr. prefix 1 Word root 1 Pr. suffix 1 Sec. suffix
4-Bromo Cyclo Hex an(e) 1-ol
Flowchart 8.2: IUPAC nomenclature of organic compound
op kers
Class 11 T
By E ran culty
-JE Fa r
IIT enior emie .
S fP r es
o titut
Ins
CHEMISTRY
FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
SECOND
EDITION
Exhaustive Theory
(Now Revised)
Formula Sheet
9000+ Problems
based on latest JEE pattern
2500 + 1000 (New) Problems
of previous 35 years of
AIEEE (JEE Main) and IIT-JEE (JEE Adv)
5000+Illustrations and Solved Examples
Detailed Solutions
of all problems available
Plancess Concepts
Topic Covered Tips & Tricks, Facts, Notes, Misconceptions,
Key Take Aways, Problem Solving Tactics
Basic Principles of
Organic Chemistry PlancEssential
Questions recommended for revision
, 8. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. INTRODUCTION
What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of most carbon compounds with the exception of a few (e.g., CO2 and carbonate
salts). While inorganic chemistry deals with the study of all other compounds.
2. PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
In general, organic compounds.
(a) Are far more in number than inorganic compounds. This is due to the catenation property of the C atom.
Carbon has the ability to form bonds with almost every other element (Other than the noble gases), forming
long chains as well as ring compounds. Moreover, C compounds exist as many isomers.
(b) React more slowly and require higher temperatures for reactions to take place.
(c) Are less stable and sometimes decompose on heating to compounds of lower energy levels.
(d) Undergo more complex reactions and produce more side reaction products.
(e) Are largely insoluble in water.
(f) Have generally lower melting and boiling points.
(g) Are classified into families of compounds such as carboxylic acids, which have similar reactive groups and
chemical properties.
(h) Are mostly obtained from animals or plants as opposed to the mineral origin of inorganic compounds.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
They are classified follows:
Classification of organic compounds is basically based on the functional group. The chemical properties of
compound depends on the properties of the functional group present in it. The rest of the molecule simply affects
the physical properties, e.g., m.p., b.p., density etc. and has very little effect on its chemical properties.
,8 . 2 | Basic Principles of Organic Chemistr y
Organic compounds
Open chain or acrylic or Closed chain or
aliphatic compounds, alicyclic or cyclic or
e.g. CH4 (Methane) ring compounds
C2H6(Ethane)
Straight chain Branched chain
CH3CH2CH3 CH3 CH CH3
(Propane)
CH3
CH3 C H (Isobutane)
O
(Ethanol)
Homocyclic or Heterocyclic compounds
carbocyclic compounds
( (
Contains hetero
( Containing rings of
entirely C atom ( atom in ring
e.g. N, O, S, P, etc
Alicyclic Aromatic N S O
compounds compounds Pyridine Thiophene Furan
O
Benzenoid Non-benzenoid (THF)
(Cyclopropane) compounds compounds Tetrahydrofuran
(Benzene)
(Cyclobutane) (Azulene)
CH3
(Toluene)
O
(Cyclohexane) (Tropolone)
(Naphthalene)
Flowchart 8.1: Classification of organic compound
Homologous Series
Organic compounds containing one particular characteristic group or functional group constitute a homologous
series, e.g., alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids amines etc.
4. NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4.1 Trivial or Common Names
In the earlier days, because of the absence of IUPAC names, the names of the compounds were dependent on the
source from which the compound was obtained. Even today, in spite of IUPAC nomenclature some of the common
names are still at use. In some case, where the IUPAC name is very tedious we prefer to use common names, for
example lactic acid, sucrose etc.
, Chem i str y | 8.3
Table 8.1: Common names of organic compounds, their sources, and structures
S.No Common name Source Structure
1. Formic acid Formica (red ant) HCOOH
2. Acetic acid Acetum (vinegar) MeCOOH
3. Propionic acid Portopion (first fat) MeCH2COOH
4. Butyric acid Butyrum (butter) MeCH2CH2COOH
5. Valeric acid Valerian (shrub) Me(CH2)3COOH
6. Caproic acid Caper (Goat) Me(CH2)4COOH
7. Urea Urine NH2CONH2
8. Malic acid Malum (apple) CH2COOH
|
CH(OH)COOH
9. Methyl alcohol Methu hule (Mehtu-wine, hule = wood) MeOH
4.2 IUPAC Names
The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds is a systematic method of naming organic compounds as
recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This system uses substitutive
nomenclature, which is based on the principal group, and principal chain. The IUPAC rules for the naming of alkanes
from the basis of the substitutive nomenclature of most other compounds -
IUPAC name
Prefix Word root Suffix
Basic units of name
Denotes the no. of
Primary prefix Secondary prefix Primarysuffix Secondary suffix
Distinguish from Added before word root C atoms in the longest Added to primary suffix
Added to word root
acyclic compounds primary prefix chain such as C1-Meth, Indicates the nature of the
Indicates whether the C
C2-Eth, C3-Prop, C4-But, functional group, e.g.,
CH2 (carboxylic compounds) chain is saturated or
C5-Pent, etc alcohol (—OH),
Treated as substituents and unsaturated
CH2 CH2 aldehyde (—CHO),
not functional groups Saturated
Added in alphabetical CH2OH
CH2 CH2 (for single bond)
order –F(Fluoro),–NO (Nitroso),etc. Eth+ane +ol
—ane
Cyclo + Pent + ane Word primary suffix root
Primary Word Primary Unsaturated :
secondary suffix
prefix root suffix (for one double bond)
—ene
(for two double bond)
—diene
(for one triple bond)
—yne
(for two triple bonds)
—diyne
Br Br
A complete IUPAC name consists of
Sec. prefix 1 Pr. prefix 1 Word root 1 Pr. suffix 1 Sec. suffix
4-Bromo Cyclo Hex an(e) 1-ol
Flowchart 8.2: IUPAC nomenclature of organic compound
