COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (CPL)
(AEROPLANE) OPERATION,
PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING -
CFPA
AEROPLANE LANDING AREAS
● Minimum distance of obstacle from end of runway = 20 x height of
obstacle
● Minimum distance of obstacle from end of runway = 20 x distance of
obstacle from (extended) edge of runway
PRESSURE HEIGHT
● = 1013 - [ambient pressure] * 30 + [altitude/elevation]
ISA TEMPERATURE
● = 15 - 2 x [altitude/elevation] / 1000
CLIMB GRADIENT
● = Rate of climb in feet per minute/ground speed in knots
AVGAS
● 1 L of avgas = 0.72 kg of avgas (all other aircraft) OR 0.71 kg of avgas
(Echo)
● 1 US gallon of avgas = 3.8 L of avgas
● 1 US gallon of avgas = 2.72 kg of avgas OR 2.7 kg of avgas (Echo)
TRIP FUEL
● = total distance x fuel flow / groundspeed
, ● = total distance x gal per mile (or kg per mile)
SPECIFIC AIR RANGE
● = TAS / fuel flow
SPECIFIC GROUND RANGE
● = GS / fuel flow
EQUI-TIME POINT OR CRITICAL POINT
● Distance to ETP/CP = total distance x GS home / (GS home + GS
onwards)
● Distance to ETP/CP = total distance x single engine GS home / 2 x
single engine TAS
● Time to ETP/CP [minutes] = Distance to ETP/CP / GS onwards x 60
POINT OF NO RETURN
● Time to PNR = safe endurance x GS home / 2 x TAS
● Distance to PNR = GS onwards x time to PNR
ESTABLISHING A TAKE-OFF WEIGHT LIMIT FOR A
PARTICULAR FLIGHT
● = MZFW - ZFW
● = MTOW - TOW
○ TOW = ZFW + fuel on-board at take-off
● = MLDW - LDW
○ LDW = TOW - trip fuel
SHIFTING WEIGHT FOR LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE/
ECHO
● = weight x [required centre of gravity - current centre of gravity] /
[centre of gravity of station moving to - centre of gravity of station
moving from]
, ADDING OR REMOVING WEIGHT FOR LOADING
SYSTEM CHARLIE/ECHO
● = weight x [required centre of gravity - current centre of gravity] /
[required centre of gravity - centre of gravity of station adding/
removing]
FORWARD LIMIT FOR LOADING SYSTEM ECHO
● = [weight - 2360] x .27 + 2400
MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD
● = [centre of gravity - 2190] / 1900 x 100
FLOOR LOADING INTENSITY
● [kg per sq.m] = [weight of cargo in kg] / [area of cargo surface
touching the ground in sq.m]
● Pressure = force / area
ROUNDING
● For multi-step calculations, keep all intermediate decimal places in
working and round final answer to the nearest appropriate whole
number
● Minimum fuel or ballast required, round up to the next whole number
○ 167.1745 gallons = 168 gallons
● Maximum weight limitations, round down to the next whole number.
○ 167.8745 kg = 167 kg
● Otherwise, if first decimal place is 5 or more, the answer should be
rounded up, and vice versa
○ So 167.5475 = 168
○ So 167.4475 = 167
COMPLETED TAKE-OFF
(AEROPLANE) OPERATION,
PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING -
CFPA
AEROPLANE LANDING AREAS
● Minimum distance of obstacle from end of runway = 20 x height of
obstacle
● Minimum distance of obstacle from end of runway = 20 x distance of
obstacle from (extended) edge of runway
PRESSURE HEIGHT
● = 1013 - [ambient pressure] * 30 + [altitude/elevation]
ISA TEMPERATURE
● = 15 - 2 x [altitude/elevation] / 1000
CLIMB GRADIENT
● = Rate of climb in feet per minute/ground speed in knots
AVGAS
● 1 L of avgas = 0.72 kg of avgas (all other aircraft) OR 0.71 kg of avgas
(Echo)
● 1 US gallon of avgas = 3.8 L of avgas
● 1 US gallon of avgas = 2.72 kg of avgas OR 2.7 kg of avgas (Echo)
TRIP FUEL
● = total distance x fuel flow / groundspeed
, ● = total distance x gal per mile (or kg per mile)
SPECIFIC AIR RANGE
● = TAS / fuel flow
SPECIFIC GROUND RANGE
● = GS / fuel flow
EQUI-TIME POINT OR CRITICAL POINT
● Distance to ETP/CP = total distance x GS home / (GS home + GS
onwards)
● Distance to ETP/CP = total distance x single engine GS home / 2 x
single engine TAS
● Time to ETP/CP [minutes] = Distance to ETP/CP / GS onwards x 60
POINT OF NO RETURN
● Time to PNR = safe endurance x GS home / 2 x TAS
● Distance to PNR = GS onwards x time to PNR
ESTABLISHING A TAKE-OFF WEIGHT LIMIT FOR A
PARTICULAR FLIGHT
● = MZFW - ZFW
● = MTOW - TOW
○ TOW = ZFW + fuel on-board at take-off
● = MLDW - LDW
○ LDW = TOW - trip fuel
SHIFTING WEIGHT FOR LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE/
ECHO
● = weight x [required centre of gravity - current centre of gravity] /
[centre of gravity of station moving to - centre of gravity of station
moving from]
, ADDING OR REMOVING WEIGHT FOR LOADING
SYSTEM CHARLIE/ECHO
● = weight x [required centre of gravity - current centre of gravity] /
[required centre of gravity - centre of gravity of station adding/
removing]
FORWARD LIMIT FOR LOADING SYSTEM ECHO
● = [weight - 2360] x .27 + 2400
MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD
● = [centre of gravity - 2190] / 1900 x 100
FLOOR LOADING INTENSITY
● [kg per sq.m] = [weight of cargo in kg] / [area of cargo surface
touching the ground in sq.m]
● Pressure = force / area
ROUNDING
● For multi-step calculations, keep all intermediate decimal places in
working and round final answer to the nearest appropriate whole
number
● Minimum fuel or ballast required, round up to the next whole number
○ 167.1745 gallons = 168 gallons
● Maximum weight limitations, round down to the next whole number.
○ 167.8745 kg = 167 kg
● Otherwise, if first decimal place is 5 or more, the answer should be
rounded up, and vice versa
○ So 167.5475 = 168
○ So 167.4475 = 167
COMPLETED TAKE-OFF
