ZOOL 2403 BOROS LECTURE EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026
5 special senses - Answers olfaction, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium and balance
where is the olfactory pathway located? - Answers on the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
what is the pathway of odor the olfactory cortex? - Answers odor goes to the olfactory receptors,
pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, CN I synapses on neurons in olfactory bulbs,
whose axons form olfactory tract, and then goes to the olfactory cortex
gustatory (definition) - Answers taste
Where are taste receptors located? - Answers deep in the grooves of taste buds
what are the 6 primary taste sensations? - Answers sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and water
describe the gustatory pathway - Answers taste goes to taste receptors->CHs->medulla
->gustatory cortex
What are the two nerves associated with the gustatory pathway? - Answers Facial nerve (CN VII):
anterior 2/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): posterior 1/3 of tongue
how many layers of the eyeball are there - Answers 3
what kind of connective tissue makes up the outer layer of the eyeball? - Answers dense
connective tissue
what kind of connective tissue makes up the middle layer of the eyeball? - Answers loose
connective tissue layer
what kind of tissue makes up the inner layer of the eye? - Answers nervous tissue layer called
retina
what is the sclera and where is it located in the eye? - Answers white sheath that protects the
eyeball; fibrous tunic that surrounds the eye
what is the cornea and where is it - Answers its the transparent anterior continuation of the
sclera that protects the lens
its AVASCULAR (therefore it can be transplanted)
what is the choroid? - Answers layer surrounding the eye that contains blood vessels that supply
oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the eye
what is the ciliary body , where and what does it do - Answers anterior continuation of the
,choroid, contains smooth muscle (ciliary muscles) that controls the shape of the lens for
focusing an object
what is the iris and what is its primary function? - Answers the iris is smooth muscle
surrounding the pupil, giving eye color and changes pupil size to regulate amount of light
entering/exiting eye
what is the retina? - Answers inner layer of nervous tissue within the eye that contains
photoreceptors (rods and cones)
What are rods and where are they found? - Answers -receptors activated by dim light
-used for night vision
-black and white vision
-used for peripheral vision
--found in the retina
What are cones and where are they found? - Answers -receptors activated by bright light
-used for daylight vision
-color vision
-used for central vision
--found in the retina
what layer of the eye is the choroid located? - Answers the middle layer
what layer of the eye is the sclera located in ? - Answers outer layer
what layer of the eye is the ciliary body located? - Answers middle layer
are the cornea and the choroid in the same layer of the eye? - Answers no, cornea is in the outer
layer and the choroid is in the middle
during sympathetic stimulation, what happens to the iris/pupil? - Answers fight or flight/ pupils
will dilate
during parasympathetic stimulation, what happens to the iris/pupil? - Answers rest and digest
stage; constrictors contract and pupil gets smaller
what is the transparent gel located in the posterior cavity? - Answers vitreous humor
what is the vitreous humor made out of, and when is it produced? - Answers transparent gel
thats 99% H2O, not produced until 4-5 years old
, what are floaters (in terms of the eye)? - Answers detached cells you can see in your vision
whats so important about vitreous humor? - Answers creates proper pressure within the eye
and helps keep retina in place, maintains vision
list the visual pathway to consciousness - Answers light-optic receptors-optic nerve-optic
chiasm-optic tract-thalamus-visual cortex
eye muscles are ______ muscles - Answers skeletal
action of inferior rectus - Answers eye looks down, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of medial rectus - Answers eye looks medially, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of superior rectus - Answers eye looks up, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of lateral rectus - Answers eye looks laterally, abducens nerve (VI)
action of inferior oblique - Answers eye rolls, looks up and laterally out, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of superior oblique - Answers eye rolls, looks down and laterally out, trochlear nerve (III)
what is the most external part of the ear and what does it do - Answers the auricle acts like a
horn or funnel, amplifying sound and channeling it into external acoustic canal
what are the little bones in the middle ear called? - Answers ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes
Semicircular canals are in what part of the ear? - Answers Inner
sound waves travel along the ____ ___ ____ and arrive at the ______ _______ - Answers external ear
canal; tympanic membrane
vibrations of the ____ membrane causes little bones to move called ____ - Answers tympanic;
ossicles
movement of the ___ at the ___ ___ generates pressure waves in the fluid filled _____ of the inner
ear - Answers stapes, oval window, cochlea
pressure waves of the inner ear eventually travel to the ___ ____ - Answers round window
the cochlea contains 3 ___ ____ - Answers circular chambers
the floor of the middle chamber is called the _____ ______ and when it moves ____ ___ are
stimulated and move - Answers basilar membrane; hair cells
where are the tops of hair cells embedded? - Answers the tectorial membrane
when hair cells in the ear bend, this opens ____ ___ , activates ___ ____ and stimulates _____ -
Answers opens ion channels, activates hair cells, and stimulates CN VIII
UPDATE 2025/2026
5 special senses - Answers olfaction, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium and balance
where is the olfactory pathway located? - Answers on the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
what is the pathway of odor the olfactory cortex? - Answers odor goes to the olfactory receptors,
pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, CN I synapses on neurons in olfactory bulbs,
whose axons form olfactory tract, and then goes to the olfactory cortex
gustatory (definition) - Answers taste
Where are taste receptors located? - Answers deep in the grooves of taste buds
what are the 6 primary taste sensations? - Answers sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and water
describe the gustatory pathway - Answers taste goes to taste receptors->CHs->medulla
->gustatory cortex
What are the two nerves associated with the gustatory pathway? - Answers Facial nerve (CN VII):
anterior 2/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): posterior 1/3 of tongue
how many layers of the eyeball are there - Answers 3
what kind of connective tissue makes up the outer layer of the eyeball? - Answers dense
connective tissue
what kind of connective tissue makes up the middle layer of the eyeball? - Answers loose
connective tissue layer
what kind of tissue makes up the inner layer of the eye? - Answers nervous tissue layer called
retina
what is the sclera and where is it located in the eye? - Answers white sheath that protects the
eyeball; fibrous tunic that surrounds the eye
what is the cornea and where is it - Answers its the transparent anterior continuation of the
sclera that protects the lens
its AVASCULAR (therefore it can be transplanted)
what is the choroid? - Answers layer surrounding the eye that contains blood vessels that supply
oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the eye
what is the ciliary body , where and what does it do - Answers anterior continuation of the
,choroid, contains smooth muscle (ciliary muscles) that controls the shape of the lens for
focusing an object
what is the iris and what is its primary function? - Answers the iris is smooth muscle
surrounding the pupil, giving eye color and changes pupil size to regulate amount of light
entering/exiting eye
what is the retina? - Answers inner layer of nervous tissue within the eye that contains
photoreceptors (rods and cones)
What are rods and where are they found? - Answers -receptors activated by dim light
-used for night vision
-black and white vision
-used for peripheral vision
--found in the retina
What are cones and where are they found? - Answers -receptors activated by bright light
-used for daylight vision
-color vision
-used for central vision
--found in the retina
what layer of the eye is the choroid located? - Answers the middle layer
what layer of the eye is the sclera located in ? - Answers outer layer
what layer of the eye is the ciliary body located? - Answers middle layer
are the cornea and the choroid in the same layer of the eye? - Answers no, cornea is in the outer
layer and the choroid is in the middle
during sympathetic stimulation, what happens to the iris/pupil? - Answers fight or flight/ pupils
will dilate
during parasympathetic stimulation, what happens to the iris/pupil? - Answers rest and digest
stage; constrictors contract and pupil gets smaller
what is the transparent gel located in the posterior cavity? - Answers vitreous humor
what is the vitreous humor made out of, and when is it produced? - Answers transparent gel
thats 99% H2O, not produced until 4-5 years old
, what are floaters (in terms of the eye)? - Answers detached cells you can see in your vision
whats so important about vitreous humor? - Answers creates proper pressure within the eye
and helps keep retina in place, maintains vision
list the visual pathway to consciousness - Answers light-optic receptors-optic nerve-optic
chiasm-optic tract-thalamus-visual cortex
eye muscles are ______ muscles - Answers skeletal
action of inferior rectus - Answers eye looks down, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of medial rectus - Answers eye looks medially, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of superior rectus - Answers eye looks up, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of lateral rectus - Answers eye looks laterally, abducens nerve (VI)
action of inferior oblique - Answers eye rolls, looks up and laterally out, oculomotor nerve (III)
action of superior oblique - Answers eye rolls, looks down and laterally out, trochlear nerve (III)
what is the most external part of the ear and what does it do - Answers the auricle acts like a
horn or funnel, amplifying sound and channeling it into external acoustic canal
what are the little bones in the middle ear called? - Answers ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes
Semicircular canals are in what part of the ear? - Answers Inner
sound waves travel along the ____ ___ ____ and arrive at the ______ _______ - Answers external ear
canal; tympanic membrane
vibrations of the ____ membrane causes little bones to move called ____ - Answers tympanic;
ossicles
movement of the ___ at the ___ ___ generates pressure waves in the fluid filled _____ of the inner
ear - Answers stapes, oval window, cochlea
pressure waves of the inner ear eventually travel to the ___ ____ - Answers round window
the cochlea contains 3 ___ ____ - Answers circular chambers
the floor of the middle chamber is called the _____ ______ and when it moves ____ ___ are
stimulated and move - Answers basilar membrane; hair cells
where are the tops of hair cells embedded? - Answers the tectorial membrane
when hair cells in the ear bend, this opens ____ ___ , activates ___ ____ and stimulates _____ -
Answers opens ion channels, activates hair cells, and stimulates CN VIII
