Bio 255 exam 1 Questions and Answers

Bio 255 exam 1 Questions and Answers Components of whole blood ~Erythrocytes-RBS ~Leukocytes-WBC ~Plasma Plasma is made of? Water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases Components of form elements ~RBC ~Platelets ~WBC-granulocytes and agranulocytes Ganulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes lymphocytes and monocytes Neutrophils Bacterial infections (multi-labed nucleus) Basophils Chicken poxs, sinusitis, diabetes (allergic reactions) (bi-labed nucleus) Eosinophils parasitic infection, allergies (multi-labed nucleus) lymphocytes diverse infection and immune response (large round nucleus) Monocytes viral infections and inflammation (bean shaped nucleus) Lymphoid stem cell ~ T lymphocytes ~B lymphocytes : plasma cells ~Natural Killer (NK) Cell Myeloid stem cell ~red blood cells ~platelets ~mast cells ~eosinophils ~basophils ~neutrophils ~monocytes : Macrophages Hemoglobin ~protein that carries O2 in blood, ~Iron allows binding of O2 ~ heme carries 4 O2 What cell type are RBC broken down by? Macrophages What is first broken down in RBC? Heme and Globin Steps of RBC break down 1. cells are broken down by macrophages 2.Heme and globin separate 3. globin is made into an amino acid 4. Iron is taken from heme, attaches to transferrin and delivered to liver 5. iron then detaches and reattached to ferritin and stored 6. When needed the iron is pushed back into the blood stream where it is used for formation of new RBCs 7. Heme is converted into bilirubin and transported to liver 8. by the liver heme is released into bile moving from small to large intestine 9. this then becomes urobilinogen then is released in urine and feces Production of RBCs is called? Erythropoiesis What hormone from the kidneys is required for erythropoiesis? erythropoietin (this hormone increases when oxygen drops) When WBCs leave the blood stream to sites of invasion is called? emigration ( most commonly conducted by neutrophils) What do high levels of white blood cells indicate? body is fending off pathogens and infectious microorganisms Platelets come from what what cell? megakaryocyte Platelet functions ~vasoconstrictors ~create plugs ~procoagulation ~clot-desolvant Major components of plasma ~plasma ~serum (absense of fibrinogen) ~plasma proteins Types of Plasma proteins ~Albumins (most abundant) ~Globulins (immune alpha beta and gama) ~Fibrinogen (help form blood clots) Hematocrit Volume packed cell volume= volume of RBCs/Total volume of RBCs + plasma How to get hematocrit levels by centrifuge clotting process -Blood vessel injury causes vessel spasm (constriction) -Platelets are attracted to and adhere to injured area -Aggregation of platelets forms plug -Formation of insoluble fibrin strand and coagulation (coagulation cascade) -Normal clotting occurs in 6 minutes Agglutination antibodies binding to antigens BT: A(G) B(G) D(B) O+ BT: A (G) B(G) D(G) O- BT: A(B) B(G) D(B) A+ BT: A(B) B(G) D(G) A- BT: A(G) B(B) D(G) B- BT: A(G) B(B) D(B) B+ BT: A(B) B(B) D(B) AB+ BT: A(B) B(B) D(G) AB- Where is the heart located? Thoracic Cavity What is the fluid filled sac around the heart called? Pericardium (lubricates heart and protects it) what are the three layers around the heart? 1. Epicardium rdium 3. endocardium Factors of the Epicardium are? ~contains pericardium ~blood vessles pass through What are factors of the myocardium? ~cardiac muscle What are the functions of the endocardium? ~inner lining of the vessels and chambers Map blood flow through heart 1: enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae 2: Blood is ther pushed through right AV valve and into right ventricle 3. right ventricles contract pulmonary valve opens 4: blood goes from pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk 5: the blood goes through the right and left atriums picking up O2 6: pulmonary vein to left atrium the blood is returned 7: Fro left atrium through Left AV to left ventricle 8: contraction of left ventricle pushes the aortic valve open 9: blood flows into aorta 10: blood is then sent throughout the body What is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton? attaches heart to diaphrm to hold it in place. Purpose of the heart valves? ~control flow Coronary circulatory system ~flow of arteries and oxygenated blood ~removes CO2 **comes back to right atrium via coronary sinus Flow of of pacemaker cells the conduction system 1: SA node fires 2: excitation spreads through arterial myocardium 3: AV node fires 4: excitation spreads down AV bundle 5: subendocardial conducting network distributes excitation through ventricular myocardium Which node controls the normal cardiac pacemaker? SA node what if the SA node fails? The AV node takes over and goes into to slower pacemaker role P-wave arterial depoalarization QRS complex ventricle depolarization T- wave repolarization of ventricles Steps of electrocardiogram 1: atria being depolarizing of contracting (p-wave) 2: the atria repolarizes (relaxes) as the ventricles begin depolarizong (contracting) (this is the QRS) 3:ventricles repolarizes what ions mediate the depolarization or upstroke? fast Na+ channels open What ions mediate the plateau? Ca+ channels open What ions mediate the repolarization? K+ channels open Systole contraction Diastole relaxation which valve closing causes the "lub" sound in the heart? AV Valve Which valve closing causes the "dub" sound in the heart? semilunar valves closing What is cardiac output? the volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk what is the stroke volume? End Diastolic volume minus the end systolic volume what is the equation for cardiac output CO(mL/beat) multiplied by the HR (beats/min) what does the parasympathetic system do to heart rate? slows it increasing K+ currents