1
,• In addition to mycotic infections there are
two other kinds of fungal diseases:
❖Mycotoxicoses: Caused by Ingested
toxins.
❖Allergies to fungal spores.
The best known mycotoxicosis occurs after
eating Amantina mushrooms.
2
,Amantina mushrooms
3
,• A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary
metabolite produced by organisms of
the fungus kingdom, commonly known
as molds. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually
reserved for the toxic chemical products
produced by fungi that readily colonize
crops.
• One mold species may produce many
different mycotoxins, and several species
may produce the same mycotoxin.
4
,• Production
• Most fungi are aerobic and are found
almost everywhere in extremely small
quantities.
• They consume organic
matter wherever humidity and temperature
are sufficient.
• Where conditions are right,
fungi proliferate into colonies and
mycotoxin levels become high.
5
,• Major groups:
– Aflatoxins
– Ergot Alkaloids
– Ochratoxin
– Citrinin
– Patulin
– Fusarium toxins
6
,• Aflatoxin:
• Source:
• Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced
by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A.
flavus and A. parasiticus.
• The term aflatoxin refers to four different types
of mycotoxins produced, which are B1, B2, G1,
and G2.
• Health effect:
• Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a
potent carcinogen and has been directly
correlated to adverse health effects, such 7
as liver cancer, in many animal species.
,• And also suspected of causing hepatic
carcinoma in humans.
• Foods involved:
• Aflatoxins are largely associated
with commodities produced in
the tropics and subtropics, such
as cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios,
and maize
8
, • Aflatoxins are ingested with spoiled grains
and peanuts and they are metabolized by
the liver and produce a potent carcinogen.
• Aflatoxin B1induces a mutation in the p53
tumor suppressor gene, leading to a loss
of p53 protein and a consequent loss of
growth control in the hepatocyte.
• Allergies to fungal spores, particularly
those of Aspergillus, are manifested
primarily by an asthematic reaction,
eosiphilia.
9
,• In addition to mycotic infections there are
two other kinds of fungal diseases:
❖Mycotoxicoses: Caused by Ingested
toxins.
❖Allergies to fungal spores.
The best known mycotoxicosis occurs after
eating Amantina mushrooms.
2
,Amantina mushrooms
3
,• A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary
metabolite produced by organisms of
the fungus kingdom, commonly known
as molds. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually
reserved for the toxic chemical products
produced by fungi that readily colonize
crops.
• One mold species may produce many
different mycotoxins, and several species
may produce the same mycotoxin.
4
,• Production
• Most fungi are aerobic and are found
almost everywhere in extremely small
quantities.
• They consume organic
matter wherever humidity and temperature
are sufficient.
• Where conditions are right,
fungi proliferate into colonies and
mycotoxin levels become high.
5
,• Major groups:
– Aflatoxins
– Ergot Alkaloids
– Ochratoxin
– Citrinin
– Patulin
– Fusarium toxins
6
,• Aflatoxin:
• Source:
• Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced
by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A.
flavus and A. parasiticus.
• The term aflatoxin refers to four different types
of mycotoxins produced, which are B1, B2, G1,
and G2.
• Health effect:
• Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a
potent carcinogen and has been directly
correlated to adverse health effects, such 7
as liver cancer, in many animal species.
,• And also suspected of causing hepatic
carcinoma in humans.
• Foods involved:
• Aflatoxins are largely associated
with commodities produced in
the tropics and subtropics, such
as cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios,
and maize
8
, • Aflatoxins are ingested with spoiled grains
and peanuts and they are metabolized by
the liver and produce a potent carcinogen.
• Aflatoxin B1induces a mutation in the p53
tumor suppressor gene, leading to a loss
of p53 protein and a consequent loss of
growth control in the hepatocyte.
• Allergies to fungal spores, particularly
those of Aspergillus, are manifested
primarily by an asthematic reaction,
eosiphilia.
9
