HP 140 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Parturition - Answer -act of giving birth
Polyphasia - Answer -excessive uncontrolled eating
Polydipsia - Answer -abnormal state of much thirst
Vasectomy - Answer -Sperm are made in the testicles. They pass through two tubes
called the vasa deferentia to other glands and mix with seminal fluids to form semen.
Vasectomy blocks each vas deferens and keeps sperm out of the seminal fluid. The
sperm are absorbed by the body instead of being ejaculated.
Phismosis - Answer -A condition in which tight foreskin can't be pulled back over the
head of the penis.
Circumcision - Answer -Surgical removal of the foreskin
pituitary gland - Answer -In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an
endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans.
It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The
hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the
middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by
a dural fold (diaphragma sellae)
Thyroid gland - Answer -The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the
base of your neck. It releases hormones that control metabolism—the way your body
uses energy. Breathing
Heart rate Central and peripheral nervous systems Body weight Muscle strength
Menstrual cycles.The thyroid gland is about 2-inches long and lies in front of your throat
below the prominence of thyroid cartilage sometimes called the Adam's apple
Oophorectomy - Answer -Surgical removal of an ovary
Orchidectomy - Answer -surgical removal of one or both testicles
Castration - Answer -the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
Hypercalcemia - Answer -excessive calcium in the blood. a disorder that most
commonly results from malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. Other, less
common, causes of elevated calcium include increased intake or absorption,
granulomatous disease, immobilization, and thiazide diuretic use. However, the primary
diagnostic approach should be to first rule out underlying malignancy and parathyroid
disease. Hypercalcemic crisis does not have an exact definition, although marked
,elevation of serum calcium, usually more than 14 mg/dL, is associated with acute signs
and symptoms of hypercalcemia.
Cushing's Syndrome or hypercortisolism - Answer -caused by prolonged exposure to
high levels of cortisol. occurs due to abnormally high levels of the hormone cortisol. Too
much cortisol can produce some of the hallmark signs of Cushing syndrome — a fatty
hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on
your skin. Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on
occasion, type 2 diabetes.
Pituitary Gland - Answer -The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the
influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other
endocrine glands.is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams
(0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base
of the brain. The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in
the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella
turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae).
Parathyroid Glands - Answer -embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland,
works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the
calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Thyrotoxicosis (Hyperthyroidism) - Answer -The overproduction of a hormone by the
butterfly-shaped gland in the neck (thyroid).
Grave's Disease - Answer -Form of hyperthyroidism causing exophthalmos. toxic
diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in
and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The thyroid overproduces
hormones. The condition is more common in women under age 40.Symptoms include
anxiety, hand tremor, heat sensitivity, weight loss, puffy eyes and enlarged thyroid.
Mastopexy - Answer -surgical fixation of the breast. (Greek μαστός mastos "breast" + -
pēxiā "affix") is the plastic surgery mammoplasty procedure for raising sagging breasts
upon the chest of the woman; by changing and modifying the size, contour, and
elevation of the breasts.
Breast Augmentation - Answer -involves using breast implants or fat, referred to as fat
transfer breast augmentation, to increase the size of your breasts or restore breast
volume that has been lost after weight reduction or pregnancy. is clinically referred to as
augmentation mammaplasty.
Primipara - Answer -a woman who is giving birth for the first time.
Nulligravida - Answer -is a woman who has never been pregnant.
, Adrenal Medulla - Answer -part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the
gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal
gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine
(noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Pheochromocytoma - Answer -is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal
glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed
to involute after birth, that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly
norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent
Hashimoto's thyroiditis - Answer -also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an
autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Early on there
may be no symptoms. Over time the thyroid may enlarge forming a painless goitre.
Some people eventually develop hypothyroidism with its accompanying weight gain,
feeling tired, constipation, depression, and general pains. After many years the thyroid
typically shrinks in size. Potential complications include thyroid lymphoma.
Goiter - Answer -a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the
thyroid gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning
properly. Worldwide, over 90% cases of goitre are caused by iodine deficiency.
Estrogen - Answer -Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone. It is
responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and
secondary sex characteristics.
Testosterone - Answer -the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In men,
testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as
the testis and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as
increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone
is essential for health and well-being, and for the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient
levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss.
Progesterone - Answer -A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen
to bring about the menstral cycle.an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone
involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other
species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens, and is the
major progestogen in the body. Progesterone is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in
the production of other endogenous steroids, including the sex hormones and the
corticosteroids, and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid.
Diabetes mellitus (Type I & II) - Answer -Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and
insulin (if refractory)
Hypoparathyroidism - Answer -A patient presents with signs of hypocalcemia, high
phosphorus, and low PTH.
Parturition - Answer -act of giving birth
Polyphasia - Answer -excessive uncontrolled eating
Polydipsia - Answer -abnormal state of much thirst
Vasectomy - Answer -Sperm are made in the testicles. They pass through two tubes
called the vasa deferentia to other glands and mix with seminal fluids to form semen.
Vasectomy blocks each vas deferens and keeps sperm out of the seminal fluid. The
sperm are absorbed by the body instead of being ejaculated.
Phismosis - Answer -A condition in which tight foreskin can't be pulled back over the
head of the penis.
Circumcision - Answer -Surgical removal of the foreskin
pituitary gland - Answer -In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an
endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans.
It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The
hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the
middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by
a dural fold (diaphragma sellae)
Thyroid gland - Answer -The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the
base of your neck. It releases hormones that control metabolism—the way your body
uses energy. Breathing
Heart rate Central and peripheral nervous systems Body weight Muscle strength
Menstrual cycles.The thyroid gland is about 2-inches long and lies in front of your throat
below the prominence of thyroid cartilage sometimes called the Adam's apple
Oophorectomy - Answer -Surgical removal of an ovary
Orchidectomy - Answer -surgical removal of one or both testicles
Castration - Answer -the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
Hypercalcemia - Answer -excessive calcium in the blood. a disorder that most
commonly results from malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. Other, less
common, causes of elevated calcium include increased intake or absorption,
granulomatous disease, immobilization, and thiazide diuretic use. However, the primary
diagnostic approach should be to first rule out underlying malignancy and parathyroid
disease. Hypercalcemic crisis does not have an exact definition, although marked
,elevation of serum calcium, usually more than 14 mg/dL, is associated with acute signs
and symptoms of hypercalcemia.
Cushing's Syndrome or hypercortisolism - Answer -caused by prolonged exposure to
high levels of cortisol. occurs due to abnormally high levels of the hormone cortisol. Too
much cortisol can produce some of the hallmark signs of Cushing syndrome — a fatty
hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on
your skin. Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on
occasion, type 2 diabetes.
Pituitary Gland - Answer -The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the
influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other
endocrine glands.is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams
(0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base
of the brain. The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in
the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella
turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae).
Parathyroid Glands - Answer -embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland,
works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the
calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Thyrotoxicosis (Hyperthyroidism) - Answer -The overproduction of a hormone by the
butterfly-shaped gland in the neck (thyroid).
Grave's Disease - Answer -Form of hyperthyroidism causing exophthalmos. toxic
diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in
and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The thyroid overproduces
hormones. The condition is more common in women under age 40.Symptoms include
anxiety, hand tremor, heat sensitivity, weight loss, puffy eyes and enlarged thyroid.
Mastopexy - Answer -surgical fixation of the breast. (Greek μαστός mastos "breast" + -
pēxiā "affix") is the plastic surgery mammoplasty procedure for raising sagging breasts
upon the chest of the woman; by changing and modifying the size, contour, and
elevation of the breasts.
Breast Augmentation - Answer -involves using breast implants or fat, referred to as fat
transfer breast augmentation, to increase the size of your breasts or restore breast
volume that has been lost after weight reduction or pregnancy. is clinically referred to as
augmentation mammaplasty.
Primipara - Answer -a woman who is giving birth for the first time.
Nulligravida - Answer -is a woman who has never been pregnant.
, Adrenal Medulla - Answer -part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the
gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal
gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine
(noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Pheochromocytoma - Answer -is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal
glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed
to involute after birth, that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly
norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent
Hashimoto's thyroiditis - Answer -also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an
autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Early on there
may be no symptoms. Over time the thyroid may enlarge forming a painless goitre.
Some people eventually develop hypothyroidism with its accompanying weight gain,
feeling tired, constipation, depression, and general pains. After many years the thyroid
typically shrinks in size. Potential complications include thyroid lymphoma.
Goiter - Answer -a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the
thyroid gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning
properly. Worldwide, over 90% cases of goitre are caused by iodine deficiency.
Estrogen - Answer -Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone. It is
responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and
secondary sex characteristics.
Testosterone - Answer -the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In men,
testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as
the testis and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as
increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone
is essential for health and well-being, and for the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient
levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss.
Progesterone - Answer -A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen
to bring about the menstral cycle.an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone
involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other
species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens, and is the
major progestogen in the body. Progesterone is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in
the production of other endogenous steroids, including the sex hormones and the
corticosteroids, and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid.
Diabetes mellitus (Type I & II) - Answer -Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and
insulin (if refractory)
Hypoparathyroidism - Answer -A patient presents with signs of hypocalcemia, high
phosphorus, and low PTH.
