BIO 312 FINAL EXAM Questions and
Answers Graded A+
Explain the meaning of the following terms:
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Epigenesis
Pattern formation - Correct answer-Differentiation: Cells express specific genes
that characterize a certain type of cell. Different genes are expressed in different
cells. Cells become structurally and functionally specialized synthesizing different
proteins.
Morphogenesis: Cells organize themselves into tissues and organs
Epigenesis: Complex organisms form overtime little by little and not all at once
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Pattern formation: Pattern by which cells become organized in an embryo to form
the basic body plan.
Describe how differential gene expression results in different cell types. - Correct
answer-Genes are not being expressed at all times. Different genes are needed for
different functions. DNA is copied into RNA and RNA is synthesized to make
different proteins and express different genes (Gene expression).
Explain how differences in chromatin remodeling can affect gene expression. -
Correct answer-Chromatin remodeling controls whether the DNA is relaxed or
condensed when it is wrapped around the histone by the addition of chemical
groups to the histones controls whether the DNA is condensed or relaxed
When the DNA is condensed transcription factors can not reach the promoter and
genes can not be expressed. If DNA is relaxed around the histone the promoter is
exposed and transcription factors can transcribe the gene and the gene can be
expressed.
Describe the function of the following features of a gene and identify if these
sequences are present in DNA, mRNA, or translated into amino acids:
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Promoter
Enhancer
Intron
Exon
5' and 3' UTR
Transcription initiation site
Transcription termination sequence
Translation initiation codon
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Translation termination codon - Correct answer-Promoter; Site where RNA
Polymerase binds.
Present in DNA not present in mature RNA and does NOT code for amino acids.
Enhancer; Control the volume of transcription.
Present in DNA not present in mature RNA and do NOT code for amino acids.
Intron; Non-coding nucleotide.
Present in DNA not present in mRNA and NOT translated/encode amino acids.
Exon: encoding nucleotide.
Present in DNA, present in mRNA and DOES encodes for amino acids.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Answers Graded A+
Explain the meaning of the following terms:
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Epigenesis
Pattern formation - Correct answer-Differentiation: Cells express specific genes
that characterize a certain type of cell. Different genes are expressed in different
cells. Cells become structurally and functionally specialized synthesizing different
proteins.
Morphogenesis: Cells organize themselves into tissues and organs
Epigenesis: Complex organisms form overtime little by little and not all at once
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Pattern formation: Pattern by which cells become organized in an embryo to form
the basic body plan.
Describe how differential gene expression results in different cell types. - Correct
answer-Genes are not being expressed at all times. Different genes are needed for
different functions. DNA is copied into RNA and RNA is synthesized to make
different proteins and express different genes (Gene expression).
Explain how differences in chromatin remodeling can affect gene expression. -
Correct answer-Chromatin remodeling controls whether the DNA is relaxed or
condensed when it is wrapped around the histone by the addition of chemical
groups to the histones controls whether the DNA is condensed or relaxed
When the DNA is condensed transcription factors can not reach the promoter and
genes can not be expressed. If DNA is relaxed around the histone the promoter is
exposed and transcription factors can transcribe the gene and the gene can be
expressed.
Describe the function of the following features of a gene and identify if these
sequences are present in DNA, mRNA, or translated into amino acids:
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Promoter
Enhancer
Intron
Exon
5' and 3' UTR
Transcription initiation site
Transcription termination sequence
Translation initiation codon
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Translation termination codon - Correct answer-Promoter; Site where RNA
Polymerase binds.
Present in DNA not present in mature RNA and does NOT code for amino acids.
Enhancer; Control the volume of transcription.
Present in DNA not present in mature RNA and do NOT code for amino acids.
Intron; Non-coding nucleotide.
Present in DNA not present in mRNA and NOT translated/encode amino acids.
Exon: encoding nucleotide.
Present in DNA, present in mRNA and DOES encodes for amino acids.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
