HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM CH 1 to 15 PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS CLINICAL EXAM REVIEW 2026/2027 || MULTIPLE
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS || EXPERT-VERIFIED &
GRADED A+ || BLUEPRINT FOR GUARANTEED SUCCESS!!!
state the organization of the body: - CORRECT ANSWER -- cells
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- whole body
state the 4 types of tissues: - CORRECT ANSWER -- muscle
- connective
- epithelial
- nervous
how many tissues make up an organ? - CORRECT ANSWER -2 or more
what is intracellular fluid (ICF)? - CORRECT ANSWER -fluid inside the cell
(ex. cytosol/cytoplasm)
what is extracellular fluid (ECF) ? - CORRECT ANSWER -fluid outside of
the cell but inside the body
what separates ICF and ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -cell membrane
what percentage of the body is composed of water? - CORRECT ANSWER -
60%
,What is the teleological explanation? - CORRECT ANSWER -science or
doctrine that attempts to explain the universe in terms of ends or final causes
(ex. flat tire)
what is the mechanistic explanation? - CORRECT ANSWER -explains the
phenomena of nature on the principles of physical properties (sequence of
events)
what is physiology? - CORRECT ANSWER -study of mechanisms by which
living organisms function (knowledge of nature)
what occurs in the ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -- abstraction of O2,
glucose, nutrients
- expels cellular waste
what are the 2 components of ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -plasma and
interstitial fluid
Where is interstitial fluid found? - CORRECT ANSWER -between and
surrounding the cells
what is plasma? - CORRECT ANSWER -liquid portion of blood
what is the internal environment of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER -
extracellular fluid
what is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWER -maintenance of a relatively
stable internal environment (ECF)
state the internal environments that homeostasis maintains: - CORRECT
ANSWER -- conc. of nutrients (glucose, a/a)
- conc. of gases (O2, CO2)
,- conc. of wastes (urea, ammonia)
- conc. of water and salt (osmolarity)
- pH (7.4)
- temperature
state how homeostasis is able to maintain the internal environment: -
CORRECT ANSWER -- balance between inputs and outputs
- constancy within a narrow range of physiological values
- for negative-feedback systems, changes move the variable back toward the
initial set point
- set points can be physiologically reset (raised or lowered)
- variables are ranked in a hierarchy (ex. running in hot weather w/o water)
what does the inability to maintain homeostasis lead to? - CORRECT
ANSWER -pathological condition
what is pathophysiology? - CORRECT ANSWER -study of the diseased
condition
state the 2 types of responses: - CORRECT ANSWER -- local control
- feedback loops
what is local control? - CORRECT ANSWER -isolated changes that occur
within a tissue ( ex. burned fingertip becomes inflamed)
how are the stimulus and response related in local control? - CORRECT
ANSWER -occur in the same area
, what are feedback loops? - CORRECT ANSWER -long-distance
communication and coordination
how are stimulus and response related in feedback loops? - CORRECT
ANSWER -stimulus and response are not necessarily in the same area (ex.
using muscles from the arm to pull away the burned fingertip)
what is a negative feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER -regulatory
mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that
opposes the initial changes (ex. thermostat, temperature regulation)
state the mechanism of a negative-feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER -- a
stimulus is detected by sensors in the body
- an effector organ carries out response that reverses a trend of the stimulus
what does a negative-feedback loop help to maintain? - CORRECT ANSWER
-homeostasis (ECF)
what is a positive-feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER -a regulatory
mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that
continues to drive the variable farther from the steady state (ex. pregnancy,
sweating in cold weather)
what do positive-feedback loops require to stop? - CORRECT ANSWER -
outside forces
Teleological - CORRECT ANSWER -the science or doctrine that attempts to
explain the universe in terms of ends or final causes
mechanistic - CORRECT ANSWER -that which explains the phenomena of
nature on the principle of physical processes (sequence of events)
SYSTEMS CLINICAL EXAM REVIEW 2026/2027 || MULTIPLE
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS || EXPERT-VERIFIED &
GRADED A+ || BLUEPRINT FOR GUARANTEED SUCCESS!!!
state the organization of the body: - CORRECT ANSWER -- cells
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- whole body
state the 4 types of tissues: - CORRECT ANSWER -- muscle
- connective
- epithelial
- nervous
how many tissues make up an organ? - CORRECT ANSWER -2 or more
what is intracellular fluid (ICF)? - CORRECT ANSWER -fluid inside the cell
(ex. cytosol/cytoplasm)
what is extracellular fluid (ECF) ? - CORRECT ANSWER -fluid outside of
the cell but inside the body
what separates ICF and ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -cell membrane
what percentage of the body is composed of water? - CORRECT ANSWER -
60%
,What is the teleological explanation? - CORRECT ANSWER -science or
doctrine that attempts to explain the universe in terms of ends or final causes
(ex. flat tire)
what is the mechanistic explanation? - CORRECT ANSWER -explains the
phenomena of nature on the principles of physical properties (sequence of
events)
what is physiology? - CORRECT ANSWER -study of mechanisms by which
living organisms function (knowledge of nature)
what occurs in the ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -- abstraction of O2,
glucose, nutrients
- expels cellular waste
what are the 2 components of ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -plasma and
interstitial fluid
Where is interstitial fluid found? - CORRECT ANSWER -between and
surrounding the cells
what is plasma? - CORRECT ANSWER -liquid portion of blood
what is the internal environment of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER -
extracellular fluid
what is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWER -maintenance of a relatively
stable internal environment (ECF)
state the internal environments that homeostasis maintains: - CORRECT
ANSWER -- conc. of nutrients (glucose, a/a)
- conc. of gases (O2, CO2)
,- conc. of wastes (urea, ammonia)
- conc. of water and salt (osmolarity)
- pH (7.4)
- temperature
state how homeostasis is able to maintain the internal environment: -
CORRECT ANSWER -- balance between inputs and outputs
- constancy within a narrow range of physiological values
- for negative-feedback systems, changes move the variable back toward the
initial set point
- set points can be physiologically reset (raised or lowered)
- variables are ranked in a hierarchy (ex. running in hot weather w/o water)
what does the inability to maintain homeostasis lead to? - CORRECT
ANSWER -pathological condition
what is pathophysiology? - CORRECT ANSWER -study of the diseased
condition
state the 2 types of responses: - CORRECT ANSWER -- local control
- feedback loops
what is local control? - CORRECT ANSWER -isolated changes that occur
within a tissue ( ex. burned fingertip becomes inflamed)
how are the stimulus and response related in local control? - CORRECT
ANSWER -occur in the same area
, what are feedback loops? - CORRECT ANSWER -long-distance
communication and coordination
how are stimulus and response related in feedback loops? - CORRECT
ANSWER -stimulus and response are not necessarily in the same area (ex.
using muscles from the arm to pull away the burned fingertip)
what is a negative feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER -regulatory
mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that
opposes the initial changes (ex. thermostat, temperature regulation)
state the mechanism of a negative-feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER -- a
stimulus is detected by sensors in the body
- an effector organ carries out response that reverses a trend of the stimulus
what does a negative-feedback loop help to maintain? - CORRECT ANSWER
-homeostasis (ECF)
what is a positive-feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER -a regulatory
mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that
continues to drive the variable farther from the steady state (ex. pregnancy,
sweating in cold weather)
what do positive-feedback loops require to stop? - CORRECT ANSWER -
outside forces
Teleological - CORRECT ANSWER -the science or doctrine that attempts to
explain the universe in terms of ends or final causes
mechanistic - CORRECT ANSWER -that which explains the phenomena of
nature on the principle of physical processes (sequence of events)
