PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL EXAM 2026 NEWEST
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/ALREADY GRADED A+
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.: The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen
and liver
2. True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring
about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F): a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell
but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be
carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.: I believe it is the smaller
cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for respiration to occur eflciently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very
critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the dittusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and
dittusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio
and an improved dittusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The
smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this
allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?: During swallowing
1|Page
, the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close ott and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the
esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:: Oropharynx
6. Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B-
Label D-
Label E-
Label F-
Label G- : B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:: Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gas- trin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers.: Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3:
4:
7:
9:
10: : 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
2|Page
, 9. Appendix
10. Rectum
10. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the
following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.: Parietal and chief cells
are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce
HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the
bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the
activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsino
(secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
11. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1:
3:
5:
7:
8: : 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
12. Label the bones in the figure below: A:
B:
C:
D:
E: : A. Pisiform
3|Page
, 13. A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2)
What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.: (1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone
tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture due
to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep
up with the ongoing breakdown of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.
14. Label the following five muscles:
B:
C:
E:
G:
J: : B: Temporalis C:
Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major G:
Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris
15. When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D: F. B&D
4|Page
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/ALREADY GRADED A+
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.: The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen
and liver
2. True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring
about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F): a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell
but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be
carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.: I believe it is the smaller
cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for respiration to occur eflciently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very
critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the dittusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and
dittusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio
and an improved dittusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The
smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this
allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?: During swallowing
1|Page
, the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close ott and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the
esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:: Oropharynx
6. Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B-
Label D-
Label E-
Label F-
Label G- : B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:: Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gas- trin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers.: Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3:
4:
7:
9:
10: : 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
2|Page
, 9. Appendix
10. Rectum
10. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the
following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.: Parietal and chief cells
are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce
HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the
bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the
activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsino
(secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
11. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1:
3:
5:
7:
8: : 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
12. Label the bones in the figure below: A:
B:
C:
D:
E: : A. Pisiform
3|Page
, 13. A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2)
What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.: (1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone
tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture due
to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep
up with the ongoing breakdown of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.
14. Label the following five muscles:
B:
C:
E:
G:
J: : B: Temporalis C:
Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major G:
Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris
15. When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D: F. B&D
4|Page
