Fresenius Exam (End of Training) Exam Questions with Verified
Answers WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (DETAILED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
2 Kidneys
What are the anatomical 2 Ureters
structures in ORDER of 1 Urethra
urine flow? 1 Bladder
What is a nephron? It is a tubular structure that filters blood to form urine.
What is the functional unit of nephron
the Kidney?
What is the nephron glomerulus (tangled cluster of capillaries surrounded by the
composed of? Bowmans Capsule)
A- acid/base balance maintenance
W- water balance
maintenance E-
7 Functions of the kidney Electrolyte balance
T- Toxin removal
B- Blood pressure
regulation E-
Erythropoietin
production D-
Vitamin D
metabolism
• Remove waste products
• Regulate(Synthesis): Fluid balance, electrolytes, and acid base
What are the functions of a balance
healthy kidney?
• Endocrine/Enzyme: secrete erythropoietin
(stimulates bone marrow) and Releases Renin (when
, released increases blood pressure)
What is GFR (glomerular • GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
filtration rate), & How
• 5 Stages (ranging from 1 being healthy to 5 being the worst)
many stages?
• ARF (Acute renal failure)
What are the types of Kidney • AKI (Acute kidney injury)
failure? • CRF(Chronic renal failure)
• ARF(acute renal failure): sudden onset , usually reversible
What are the stages of • AKI (acute kidney injury)
Kidney failure? (Based on
the types) •CRF (chronic kidney failure): slow onset, progressive,
permanent
What is polycystic kidney Inherited defect leading to bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts
disease (PKD)?
• signs: anemia , fluid overload, SOB, edema,
hypertension, proteinuria (protein found in urine),
What are the signs and
yellow-gray appearance of the skin.
symptoms of Renal failure?
• Symptoms: lethargic, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea, restlessness, mental status change,
loss of appetite
What is • anemia: a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
anemia? Signs
• signs and symptoms: fatigue, decreased energy levels, SOB
and
symptoms
Which functions of healthy • Removal of waste products
kidneys are replaced by • Regulation of fluid.
dialysis?
, 1: hemodialysis: uses an access to draw blood, sends
it to the dialyzer then into the semipermeable
membrane where diffusion removes the waste
What are the three types of through filtration and ultrafiltration removes the
treatments for End of stage fluid.
renal disease?
2: peritoneal dialysis: 2 types both use a permanently
placed catheter in the patient's peritoneal cavity.
3: Transplantation: a working kidney surgically implanted
HD: outpatient setting using an artificial kidney
(dialyzer) to removes waste from patients blood.
Fluid removal done through Ultrafiltration (UF),
What is the difference
usually last 3-4 hours dialyze 3 times a week
between Hemodialysis
(HD) and peritoneal dialysis
(PD)?
PD: done in the patients home, peritoneal membrane
that filters waste, performed daily by completing
several exchanges during the day or could be done
during sleep hours.
When is it known that a Patients develop mild to severe reactions (rash, pain at
patient has developed a site, hives, fever) or "First Use" syndrome due to
sensitivity to a dialyzer? inadequate rinsing.
Blood
leak
Blood specific alarms? Air
Detecto
r
Venous
pressure
Arterial
pressure
Answers WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (DETAILED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
2 Kidneys
What are the anatomical 2 Ureters
structures in ORDER of 1 Urethra
urine flow? 1 Bladder
What is a nephron? It is a tubular structure that filters blood to form urine.
What is the functional unit of nephron
the Kidney?
What is the nephron glomerulus (tangled cluster of capillaries surrounded by the
composed of? Bowmans Capsule)
A- acid/base balance maintenance
W- water balance
maintenance E-
7 Functions of the kidney Electrolyte balance
T- Toxin removal
B- Blood pressure
regulation E-
Erythropoietin
production D-
Vitamin D
metabolism
• Remove waste products
• Regulate(Synthesis): Fluid balance, electrolytes, and acid base
What are the functions of a balance
healthy kidney?
• Endocrine/Enzyme: secrete erythropoietin
(stimulates bone marrow) and Releases Renin (when
, released increases blood pressure)
What is GFR (glomerular • GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
filtration rate), & How
• 5 Stages (ranging from 1 being healthy to 5 being the worst)
many stages?
• ARF (Acute renal failure)
What are the types of Kidney • AKI (Acute kidney injury)
failure? • CRF(Chronic renal failure)
• ARF(acute renal failure): sudden onset , usually reversible
What are the stages of • AKI (acute kidney injury)
Kidney failure? (Based on
the types) •CRF (chronic kidney failure): slow onset, progressive,
permanent
What is polycystic kidney Inherited defect leading to bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts
disease (PKD)?
• signs: anemia , fluid overload, SOB, edema,
hypertension, proteinuria (protein found in urine),
What are the signs and
yellow-gray appearance of the skin.
symptoms of Renal failure?
• Symptoms: lethargic, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea, restlessness, mental status change,
loss of appetite
What is • anemia: a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
anemia? Signs
• signs and symptoms: fatigue, decreased energy levels, SOB
and
symptoms
Which functions of healthy • Removal of waste products
kidneys are replaced by • Regulation of fluid.
dialysis?
, 1: hemodialysis: uses an access to draw blood, sends
it to the dialyzer then into the semipermeable
membrane where diffusion removes the waste
What are the three types of through filtration and ultrafiltration removes the
treatments for End of stage fluid.
renal disease?
2: peritoneal dialysis: 2 types both use a permanently
placed catheter in the patient's peritoneal cavity.
3: Transplantation: a working kidney surgically implanted
HD: outpatient setting using an artificial kidney
(dialyzer) to removes waste from patients blood.
Fluid removal done through Ultrafiltration (UF),
What is the difference
usually last 3-4 hours dialyze 3 times a week
between Hemodialysis
(HD) and peritoneal dialysis
(PD)?
PD: done in the patients home, peritoneal membrane
that filters waste, performed daily by completing
several exchanges during the day or could be done
during sleep hours.
When is it known that a Patients develop mild to severe reactions (rash, pain at
patient has developed a site, hives, fever) or "First Use" syndrome due to
sensitivity to a dialyzer? inadequate rinsing.
Blood
leak
Blood specific alarms? Air
Detecto
r
Venous
pressure
Arterial
pressure
