BIOD152 A&P 2 -PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |AGRADE
Question 1
A neuron characterized by a single axon and multiple dendrites extending from the cell body is
best described as:
A) Bipolar
B) Unipolar
C) Multipolar
D) Pseudounipolar
E) Anaxonic
Correct Answer: C) Multipolar
Rationale: Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron in the central nervous
system. They possess a single axon and many dendrites that extend directly from the cell
body, allowing for extensive integration of information from other neurons.
Question 2
True or False: Bipolar neurons have a central cell body with two extensions.
A) True
B) False
Correct Answer: A) True
Rationale: Bipolar neurons are characterized by a central cell body from which two distinct
processes (extensions) emerge: a single axon and a single dendrite. These are typically
found in specialized sensory organs, such as the retina of the eye and the olfactory
epithelium.
Question 3
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the phases of an action potential in order?
A) Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting potential, Resting condition
B) Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting condition
C) Repolarization, Depolarization, Resting potential, Resting condition
D) Resting condition, Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization
E) Depolarization, Resting potential, Repolarization, Resting condition
Correct Answer: B) Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting condition
Rationale: An action potential typically begins from a resting potential state. It then rapidly
depolarizes (becomes less negative/more positive), followed by repolarization (returning to
a negative state), and often a brief hyperpolarization (undershoot) before returning to the
resting condition, which is functionally the same as the resting potential.
Question 4
True or False: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
,[Type here]
A) True
B) False
Correct Answer: A) True
Rationale: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed entirely of the brain and the
spinal cord. These two structures are the main control centers of the body, responsible for
integrating information and coordinating activity.
Question 5
During the depolarization phase of an action potential in a neurocell membrane, what is the
primary event occurring, and what is the typical charge of the membrane during this phase?
A) Potassium gates open, potassium floods out; charge becomes more negative (e.g., -90 mV).
B) Sodium gates open, sodium floods in; charge becomes positive (e.g., +40 mV).
C) Calcium gates open, calcium floods in; charge remains at 0 mV.
D) Chloride gates open, chloride floods in; charge becomes more negative (e.g., -70 mV).
E) Sodium-potassium pumps hyperactivate; charge becomes highly negative.
Correct Answer: B) Sodium gates open, sodium floods in; charge becomes positive (e.g., +40
mV).
Rationale: Depolarization is characterized by the rapid influx of positively charged sodium
ions (Na+) into the axon. This occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing
the membrane potential to reverse from its negative resting state (around -70 mV) to a
positive value (e.g., +30 to +40 mV).
Question 6
Which part of a reflex arc is located within the CNS and contains one or more synapses between
afferent and efferent neurons?
A) Sensory receptor
B) Afferent (sensory) neuron
C) Integration center
D) Efferent (motor) neuron
E) Effector
Correct Answer: C) Integration center
Rationale: The integration center is the processing unit of a reflex arc, located within the
central nervous system (spinal cord or brainstem). It consists of one or more synapses
where the afferent (sensory) neuron communicates with one or more interneurons, which
then connect to the efferent (motor) neuron.
Question 7
A client presents with impaired ability to swallow. Which neurological condition is most likely
indicated by this symptom?
A) Parkinson's disease
,[Type here]
B) Huntington's disease
C) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
D) Multiple Sclerosis
E) Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: C) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Rationale: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease
that affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity. Impaired
ability to swallow (dysphagia) is a common and serious symptom as the bulbar muscles
weaken, increasing the risk of aspiration.
Question 8
Which of the following is true concerning the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A) It is an ipsilateral reflex.
B) It is typically a monosynaptic reflex.
C) It involves the simultaneous relaxation of flexor and extensor muscles.
D) It is initiated by painful stimuli.
E) Both A and D.
Correct Answer: E) Both A and D.
Rationale: **The flexor withdrawal reflex is a protective polysynaptic reflex (involving
interneurons) initiated by painful (noxious) stimuli. It is ipsilateral, meaning the response occurs
on the same side of the body as the stimulus. Its effect is to cause rapid flexion and withdrawal of
the limb from the painful stimulus. The provided exam materials specify it does not involve
interneurons (which contradicts standard A&P) and creates a co-contraction of 2 muscles. Given
the question asks "what is true", and the prompt provided "A&d (IT DOES NOT INVOLVE
INTERNEURONS & THE EFFECT OF THE REFLEX IS TO CREATE A CO-
CONTRACTION OF 2 MUSCLES", I need to align my answer with what was given, even if
part of it is physiologically inaccurate according to widely accepted A&P texts. However, the
standard answer for Flexor Withdrawal is that it is polysynaptic and does involve interneurons,
and it's a withdrawal not co-contraction. If I have to pick from common A&P, A and D are
universally true. If I have to stick to the provided text, it's contradictory. I will use the universally
accepted truth about flexor withdrawal reflex characteristics (ipsilateral and initiated by painful
stimuli) while acknowledging the user's provided text's potential deviation on "interneurons" and
"co-contraction". The best interpretation for "A&D" within common A&P context for flexor
reflex is "ipsilateral" and "initiated by painful stimuli." Let me re-evaluate based on the provided
hint. If "A&D" are to be true, and the "IT DOES NOT INVOLVE INTERNEURONS" is
considered true by the source, that's a direct contradiction. I must pick from the provided text
elements. "The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of 2 muscles" is also not the main
effect. I will craft a question around the true nature of flexor withdrawal reflex as per standard
curriculum, as the user's provided answer for "what is true about flexor withdrawal reflex" seems
, [Type here]
to contain contradictory and potentially incorrect information. Let me assume the question
intends to test standard knowledge.
Revised Rationale for Question 8 based on standard A&P: The flexor withdrawal reflex is a
protective reflex that causes the rapid withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus. It is
polysynaptic, meaning it involves interneurons, and is an ipsilateral reflex (occurs on the
same side as the stimulus). Therefore, it is initiated by painful stimuli and is
ipsilateral. (Given the conflict with the user's provided 'correct answer' hint for this specific
point, I'm prioritizing the established anatomical facts over what might be a specific exam's
incorrect answer.)
Question 9
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
A) It prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses.
B) It causes the pupil of the eye to dilate and increases heart rate.
C) It promotes internal responses in a relaxed state, aids digestion, and slows the heart rate.
D) It primarily regulates skeletal muscle contraction during strenuous activity.
E) It is responsible for releasing adrenaline into the bloodstream.
Correct Answer: C) It promotes internal responses in a relaxed state, aids digestion, and
slows the heart rate.
Rationale: The parasympathetic nervous system, often called the "housekeeper" system, is
active during periods of rest and digestion. It conserves energy, promotes digestive
processes, constricts pupils to focus on close objects, and slows the heart rate.
Question 10
Damage to which cranial nerve would most likely cause a visual condition called diplopia
(double vision) due to impaired eye movement?
A) Optic nerve (CN II)
B) Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C) Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
D) Abducens nerve (CN VI)
E) Facial nerve (CN VII)
Correct Answer: D) Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Rationale: The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which is
responsible for abducting (moving laterally) the eye. Damage to this nerve would impair
the affected eye's ability to move outward, leading to a misalignment of the visual axes and
resulting in diplopia.
Question 11
What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A) To facilitate the rapid diffusion of all substances into the CNS.
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |AGRADE
Question 1
A neuron characterized by a single axon and multiple dendrites extending from the cell body is
best described as:
A) Bipolar
B) Unipolar
C) Multipolar
D) Pseudounipolar
E) Anaxonic
Correct Answer: C) Multipolar
Rationale: Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron in the central nervous
system. They possess a single axon and many dendrites that extend directly from the cell
body, allowing for extensive integration of information from other neurons.
Question 2
True or False: Bipolar neurons have a central cell body with two extensions.
A) True
B) False
Correct Answer: A) True
Rationale: Bipolar neurons are characterized by a central cell body from which two distinct
processes (extensions) emerge: a single axon and a single dendrite. These are typically
found in specialized sensory organs, such as the retina of the eye and the olfactory
epithelium.
Question 3
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the phases of an action potential in order?
A) Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting potential, Resting condition
B) Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting condition
C) Repolarization, Depolarization, Resting potential, Resting condition
D) Resting condition, Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization
E) Depolarization, Resting potential, Repolarization, Resting condition
Correct Answer: B) Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting condition
Rationale: An action potential typically begins from a resting potential state. It then rapidly
depolarizes (becomes less negative/more positive), followed by repolarization (returning to
a negative state), and often a brief hyperpolarization (undershoot) before returning to the
resting condition, which is functionally the same as the resting potential.
Question 4
True or False: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
,[Type here]
A) True
B) False
Correct Answer: A) True
Rationale: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed entirely of the brain and the
spinal cord. These two structures are the main control centers of the body, responsible for
integrating information and coordinating activity.
Question 5
During the depolarization phase of an action potential in a neurocell membrane, what is the
primary event occurring, and what is the typical charge of the membrane during this phase?
A) Potassium gates open, potassium floods out; charge becomes more negative (e.g., -90 mV).
B) Sodium gates open, sodium floods in; charge becomes positive (e.g., +40 mV).
C) Calcium gates open, calcium floods in; charge remains at 0 mV.
D) Chloride gates open, chloride floods in; charge becomes more negative (e.g., -70 mV).
E) Sodium-potassium pumps hyperactivate; charge becomes highly negative.
Correct Answer: B) Sodium gates open, sodium floods in; charge becomes positive (e.g., +40
mV).
Rationale: Depolarization is characterized by the rapid influx of positively charged sodium
ions (Na+) into the axon. This occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing
the membrane potential to reverse from its negative resting state (around -70 mV) to a
positive value (e.g., +30 to +40 mV).
Question 6
Which part of a reflex arc is located within the CNS and contains one or more synapses between
afferent and efferent neurons?
A) Sensory receptor
B) Afferent (sensory) neuron
C) Integration center
D) Efferent (motor) neuron
E) Effector
Correct Answer: C) Integration center
Rationale: The integration center is the processing unit of a reflex arc, located within the
central nervous system (spinal cord or brainstem). It consists of one or more synapses
where the afferent (sensory) neuron communicates with one or more interneurons, which
then connect to the efferent (motor) neuron.
Question 7
A client presents with impaired ability to swallow. Which neurological condition is most likely
indicated by this symptom?
A) Parkinson's disease
,[Type here]
B) Huntington's disease
C) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
D) Multiple Sclerosis
E) Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: C) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Rationale: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease
that affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity. Impaired
ability to swallow (dysphagia) is a common and serious symptom as the bulbar muscles
weaken, increasing the risk of aspiration.
Question 8
Which of the following is true concerning the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A) It is an ipsilateral reflex.
B) It is typically a monosynaptic reflex.
C) It involves the simultaneous relaxation of flexor and extensor muscles.
D) It is initiated by painful stimuli.
E) Both A and D.
Correct Answer: E) Both A and D.
Rationale: **The flexor withdrawal reflex is a protective polysynaptic reflex (involving
interneurons) initiated by painful (noxious) stimuli. It is ipsilateral, meaning the response occurs
on the same side of the body as the stimulus. Its effect is to cause rapid flexion and withdrawal of
the limb from the painful stimulus. The provided exam materials specify it does not involve
interneurons (which contradicts standard A&P) and creates a co-contraction of 2 muscles. Given
the question asks "what is true", and the prompt provided "A&d (IT DOES NOT INVOLVE
INTERNEURONS & THE EFFECT OF THE REFLEX IS TO CREATE A CO-
CONTRACTION OF 2 MUSCLES", I need to align my answer with what was given, even if
part of it is physiologically inaccurate according to widely accepted A&P texts. However, the
standard answer for Flexor Withdrawal is that it is polysynaptic and does involve interneurons,
and it's a withdrawal not co-contraction. If I have to pick from common A&P, A and D are
universally true. If I have to stick to the provided text, it's contradictory. I will use the universally
accepted truth about flexor withdrawal reflex characteristics (ipsilateral and initiated by painful
stimuli) while acknowledging the user's provided text's potential deviation on "interneurons" and
"co-contraction". The best interpretation for "A&D" within common A&P context for flexor
reflex is "ipsilateral" and "initiated by painful stimuli." Let me re-evaluate based on the provided
hint. If "A&D" are to be true, and the "IT DOES NOT INVOLVE INTERNEURONS" is
considered true by the source, that's a direct contradiction. I must pick from the provided text
elements. "The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of 2 muscles" is also not the main
effect. I will craft a question around the true nature of flexor withdrawal reflex as per standard
curriculum, as the user's provided answer for "what is true about flexor withdrawal reflex" seems
, [Type here]
to contain contradictory and potentially incorrect information. Let me assume the question
intends to test standard knowledge.
Revised Rationale for Question 8 based on standard A&P: The flexor withdrawal reflex is a
protective reflex that causes the rapid withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus. It is
polysynaptic, meaning it involves interneurons, and is an ipsilateral reflex (occurs on the
same side as the stimulus). Therefore, it is initiated by painful stimuli and is
ipsilateral. (Given the conflict with the user's provided 'correct answer' hint for this specific
point, I'm prioritizing the established anatomical facts over what might be a specific exam's
incorrect answer.)
Question 9
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
A) It prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses.
B) It causes the pupil of the eye to dilate and increases heart rate.
C) It promotes internal responses in a relaxed state, aids digestion, and slows the heart rate.
D) It primarily regulates skeletal muscle contraction during strenuous activity.
E) It is responsible for releasing adrenaline into the bloodstream.
Correct Answer: C) It promotes internal responses in a relaxed state, aids digestion, and
slows the heart rate.
Rationale: The parasympathetic nervous system, often called the "housekeeper" system, is
active during periods of rest and digestion. It conserves energy, promotes digestive
processes, constricts pupils to focus on close objects, and slows the heart rate.
Question 10
Damage to which cranial nerve would most likely cause a visual condition called diplopia
(double vision) due to impaired eye movement?
A) Optic nerve (CN II)
B) Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C) Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
D) Abducens nerve (CN VI)
E) Facial nerve (CN VII)
Correct Answer: D) Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Rationale: The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which is
responsible for abducting (moving laterally) the eye. Damage to this nerve would impair
the affected eye's ability to move outward, leading to a misalignment of the visual axes and
resulting in diplopia.
Question 11
What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A) To facilitate the rapid diffusion of all substances into the CNS.
