PPN302 WEEK 11 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Host - ANS The organism harboring the disease (the "who" of the Triangle)
Agent - ANS The microbe that causes the disease (the "what" of the Triangle)
Environment - ANS The external factors that cause or allow disease transmission (the
"where" of the Triangle)
Outbreak - ANS The occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be
expected in a defined community, geographical area or season.
May occur in a restricted geographical area, or may extend over several countries. May last for a
few days or weeks, or for several years. (WHO, 2014)
Epidemic - ANS The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or
among a specific group of people over a particular period of time. Similar to an outbreak, but an
epidemic is generally more widespread in the population and often has more serious
connotations.
Endemic - ANS An infectious disease that occurs frequently in a particular locale. E.g. Malaria
is endemic to some parts of Africa.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Pandemic - ANS When a disease spreads rapidly across the globe - essentially a global
epidemic
Syndemic: - ANS Synergistic interaction of 2 or more co-existant diseases and the resultant
excess in burden of disease
Prevalence - ANS Number of cases (new and preexisting)
Incidence - ANS refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population
over a specified period of time.
Mortality Rate - ANS Number of death from a specific cause in a given pop in a time period
Pathogenicity - ANS The agent's capacity to cause disease in an infected host
Virulence - ANS the ability of the agent to produce serious illness
Reservoir - ANS habitat or medium in which an agent lives and/or multiplies.
can be living or inanimate
Communicable diseases - ANS Illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic
products that arises through transmission of that agent, or its products from an infected person,
animal or inanimate source to a susceptible host; either directly or indirectly through an
intermediate plant or animal host, vector or the inanimate environment"
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Host - ANS The organism harboring the disease (the "who" of the Triangle)
Agent - ANS The microbe that causes the disease (the "what" of the Triangle)
Environment - ANS The external factors that cause or allow disease transmission (the
"where" of the Triangle)
Outbreak - ANS The occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be
expected in a defined community, geographical area or season.
May occur in a restricted geographical area, or may extend over several countries. May last for a
few days or weeks, or for several years. (WHO, 2014)
Epidemic - ANS The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or
among a specific group of people over a particular period of time. Similar to an outbreak, but an
epidemic is generally more widespread in the population and often has more serious
connotations.
Endemic - ANS An infectious disease that occurs frequently in a particular locale. E.g. Malaria
is endemic to some parts of Africa.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Pandemic - ANS When a disease spreads rapidly across the globe - essentially a global
epidemic
Syndemic: - ANS Synergistic interaction of 2 or more co-existant diseases and the resultant
excess in burden of disease
Prevalence - ANS Number of cases (new and preexisting)
Incidence - ANS refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population
over a specified period of time.
Mortality Rate - ANS Number of death from a specific cause in a given pop in a time period
Pathogenicity - ANS The agent's capacity to cause disease in an infected host
Virulence - ANS the ability of the agent to produce serious illness
Reservoir - ANS habitat or medium in which an agent lives and/or multiplies.
can be living or inanimate
Communicable diseases - ANS Illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic
products that arises through transmission of that agent, or its products from an infected person,
animal or inanimate source to a susceptible host; either directly or indirectly through an
intermediate plant or animal host, vector or the inanimate environment"
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
