1
OSU-OKC Anatomy 2214 Unit 3 Study
Guide 2025–2026 Featuring Detailed
Lecture Notes, Key Concepts, Practice
Questions, Explanatory Answers, and
Essential Strategies for Mastery in
Human Anatomy
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as These are
biconcave, disc-shaped cells that lack a nucleus. Their primary role is to transport
oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues
back to the lungs.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes - __100% correct answer as These are
larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus. WBCs are crucial for the immune
system, helping protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.
Platelets or Thrombocytes - __100% correct answer as These are small, disc-
shaped cell fragments without a nucleus. Platelets are essential for blood clotting,
gathering at the site of a blood vessel injury to form a clot.
Plasma - __100% correct answer as Plasma is the liquid component of blood,
making up about 55% of its total volume. It serves as a transport medium for nutrients,
hormones, and waste products.
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide - __100% correct answer as Blood
transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide from the
tissues back to the lungs for exhalation, primarily facilitated by red blood cells.
Transport of Nutrients and Waste Products - __100% correct answer as Blood
carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to cells throughout the body and
transports waste products from cellular metabolism to the kidneys, liver, and lungs for
excretion.
, 2
Transport of Hormones - __100% correct answer as Blood serves as a medium
for transporting hormones from the glands where they are produced to their target
organs, enabling the regulation of various physiological processes.
Regulation of Body Temperature - __100% correct answer as Blood helps
regulate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and
adjusting the flow to the skin to conserve or dissipate heat.
pH Balance - __100% correct answer as Blood maintains the pH balance of the
body by using buffers that neutralize excess acids or bases, ensuring that the pH
remains within a narrow range optimal for cellular function.
Fluid Balance - __100% correct answer as Blood plays a role in maintaining fluid
balance by regulating the distribution of water between the blood and tissues, which is
crucial for maintaining blood pressure and volume.
Immune Response - __100% correct answer as Blood contains white blood cells
and antibodies that are essential components of the immune system, helping identify
and destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
Clotting Mechanism - __100% correct answer as Blood has the ability to clot,
which is vital for preventing excessive bleeding when injuries occur. Platelets and
clotting factors work together to form a clot that seals wounds.
Components of Plasma - __100% correct answer as Plasma is composed of
approximately 90-92% water.
Plasma - __100% correct answer as A complex mixture of water, proteins,
electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases, each playing a vital role in
maintaining homeostasis and supporting the body's physiological functions.
Albumin - __100% correct answer as The most abundant plasma protein, albumin
helps maintain the osmotic pressure of blood, which is essential for proper distribution
of body fluids between blood vessels and tissues.
Globulins - __100% correct answer as Proteins involved in immune functions,
including antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help fight infections.
Fibrinogen - __100% correct answer as A protein crucial for blood clotting,
converted into fibrin during the clotting process to help stop bleeding.
Electrolytes - __100% correct answer as Various ions in plasma, such as sodium,
potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride, and magnesium, vital for maintaining pH
balance, osmotic pressure, and proper function of muscles and nerves.
, 3
Nutrients - __100% correct answer as Substances transported by plasma from the
digestive tract, including glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, to
cells throughout the body.
Waste Products - __100% correct answer as Metabolic waste products like urea,
creatinine, and uric acid carried in plasma to the kidneys for excretion.
Hormones - __100% correct answer as Chemical messengers produced by
endocrine glands that are transported by plasma and regulate various physiological
processes.
Gases - __100% correct answer as Dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide, carried by plasma, essential for cellular respiration and maintaining acid-base
balance.
Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as Commonly known as red blood cells
(RBCs), they have distinct structural and functional characteristics crucial for their role in
the circulatory system.
Shape and Size of Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as Erythrocytes are
biconcave discs, about 7.5 um in diameter and 2 um thick at the edges, with a central
depression that increases the surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange.
Lack of Organelles in Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as Mature
erythrocytes lack a nucleus and other organelles, allowing more space for hemoglobin,
the protein responsible for oxygen transport.
Membrane Composition of Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as The flexible
and durable cell membrane of erythrocytes is composed of a lipid bilayer with
embedded proteins, allowing deformation as they pass through narrow capillaries.
Oxygen Transport - __100% correct answer as The primary function of
erythrocytes is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body,
facilitated by hemoglobin.
Carbon Dioxide Transport - __100% correct answer as Erythrocytes transport
carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation, carried in three forms:
dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.
Regulation of Blood pH - __100% correct answer as Erythrocytes help maintain
acid-base balance in the blood by facilitating the transport of carbon dioxide and its
conversion to bicarbonate.
, 4
ABO Blood Group - __100% correct answer as A classification system for blood
based on the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells,
significant for blood transfusions and organ transplants.
Rh Blood Group - __100% correct answer as A classification system for blood
based on the presence or absence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells,
important for blood transfusions and pregnancy.
ABO Blood Group System - __100% correct answer as Classifies human blood
into four main types: A, B, AB, and O based on the presence or absence of antigens (A
and B) on the surface of red blood cells.
Transfusion Compatibility (ABO) - __100% correct answer as Crucial for blood
transfusions; receiving blood from an incompatible ABO group can cause a severe
immune reaction.
Universal Donor - __100% correct answer as Type O negative blood is considered
the universal donor because it lacks A and B antigens, minimizing the risk of an immune
response.
Universal Recipient - __100% correct answer as Type AB positive is the universal
recipient, as individuals with this blood type can receive A, B, AB, or O blood.
Rh Blood Group System - __100% correct answer as Determined by the presence
or absence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells.
Rh-positive - __100% correct answer as People classified as Rh-positive have the
Rh factor antigen on their red blood cells.
Rh-negative - __100% correct answer as People classified as Rh-negative do not
have the Rh factor antigen on their red blood cells.
Transfusion Compatibility (Rh) - __100% correct answer as Rh-negative
individuals should ideally receive Rh-negative blood to prevent an immune response.
Pregnancy Considerations (Rh) - __100% correct answer as If an Rh-negative
mother is carrying an Rh-positive baby, there is a risk of Rh incompatibility, which can
lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Rh immunoglobulin - __100% correct answer as Administered to Rh-negative
mothers during and after pregnancy to prevent Rh incompatibility.
OSU-OKC Anatomy 2214 Unit 3 Study
Guide 2025–2026 Featuring Detailed
Lecture Notes, Key Concepts, Practice
Questions, Explanatory Answers, and
Essential Strategies for Mastery in
Human Anatomy
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as These are
biconcave, disc-shaped cells that lack a nucleus. Their primary role is to transport
oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues
back to the lungs.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes - __100% correct answer as These are
larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus. WBCs are crucial for the immune
system, helping protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.
Platelets or Thrombocytes - __100% correct answer as These are small, disc-
shaped cell fragments without a nucleus. Platelets are essential for blood clotting,
gathering at the site of a blood vessel injury to form a clot.
Plasma - __100% correct answer as Plasma is the liquid component of blood,
making up about 55% of its total volume. It serves as a transport medium for nutrients,
hormones, and waste products.
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide - __100% correct answer as Blood
transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide from the
tissues back to the lungs for exhalation, primarily facilitated by red blood cells.
Transport of Nutrients and Waste Products - __100% correct answer as Blood
carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to cells throughout the body and
transports waste products from cellular metabolism to the kidneys, liver, and lungs for
excretion.
, 2
Transport of Hormones - __100% correct answer as Blood serves as a medium
for transporting hormones from the glands where they are produced to their target
organs, enabling the regulation of various physiological processes.
Regulation of Body Temperature - __100% correct answer as Blood helps
regulate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and
adjusting the flow to the skin to conserve or dissipate heat.
pH Balance - __100% correct answer as Blood maintains the pH balance of the
body by using buffers that neutralize excess acids or bases, ensuring that the pH
remains within a narrow range optimal for cellular function.
Fluid Balance - __100% correct answer as Blood plays a role in maintaining fluid
balance by regulating the distribution of water between the blood and tissues, which is
crucial for maintaining blood pressure and volume.
Immune Response - __100% correct answer as Blood contains white blood cells
and antibodies that are essential components of the immune system, helping identify
and destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
Clotting Mechanism - __100% correct answer as Blood has the ability to clot,
which is vital for preventing excessive bleeding when injuries occur. Platelets and
clotting factors work together to form a clot that seals wounds.
Components of Plasma - __100% correct answer as Plasma is composed of
approximately 90-92% water.
Plasma - __100% correct answer as A complex mixture of water, proteins,
electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases, each playing a vital role in
maintaining homeostasis and supporting the body's physiological functions.
Albumin - __100% correct answer as The most abundant plasma protein, albumin
helps maintain the osmotic pressure of blood, which is essential for proper distribution
of body fluids between blood vessels and tissues.
Globulins - __100% correct answer as Proteins involved in immune functions,
including antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help fight infections.
Fibrinogen - __100% correct answer as A protein crucial for blood clotting,
converted into fibrin during the clotting process to help stop bleeding.
Electrolytes - __100% correct answer as Various ions in plasma, such as sodium,
potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride, and magnesium, vital for maintaining pH
balance, osmotic pressure, and proper function of muscles and nerves.
, 3
Nutrients - __100% correct answer as Substances transported by plasma from the
digestive tract, including glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, to
cells throughout the body.
Waste Products - __100% correct answer as Metabolic waste products like urea,
creatinine, and uric acid carried in plasma to the kidneys for excretion.
Hormones - __100% correct answer as Chemical messengers produced by
endocrine glands that are transported by plasma and regulate various physiological
processes.
Gases - __100% correct answer as Dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide, carried by plasma, essential for cellular respiration and maintaining acid-base
balance.
Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as Commonly known as red blood cells
(RBCs), they have distinct structural and functional characteristics crucial for their role in
the circulatory system.
Shape and Size of Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as Erythrocytes are
biconcave discs, about 7.5 um in diameter and 2 um thick at the edges, with a central
depression that increases the surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange.
Lack of Organelles in Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as Mature
erythrocytes lack a nucleus and other organelles, allowing more space for hemoglobin,
the protein responsible for oxygen transport.
Membrane Composition of Erythrocytes - __100% correct answer as The flexible
and durable cell membrane of erythrocytes is composed of a lipid bilayer with
embedded proteins, allowing deformation as they pass through narrow capillaries.
Oxygen Transport - __100% correct answer as The primary function of
erythrocytes is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body,
facilitated by hemoglobin.
Carbon Dioxide Transport - __100% correct answer as Erythrocytes transport
carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation, carried in three forms:
dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.
Regulation of Blood pH - __100% correct answer as Erythrocytes help maintain
acid-base balance in the blood by facilitating the transport of carbon dioxide and its
conversion to bicarbonate.
, 4
ABO Blood Group - __100% correct answer as A classification system for blood
based on the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells,
significant for blood transfusions and organ transplants.
Rh Blood Group - __100% correct answer as A classification system for blood
based on the presence or absence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells,
important for blood transfusions and pregnancy.
ABO Blood Group System - __100% correct answer as Classifies human blood
into four main types: A, B, AB, and O based on the presence or absence of antigens (A
and B) on the surface of red blood cells.
Transfusion Compatibility (ABO) - __100% correct answer as Crucial for blood
transfusions; receiving blood from an incompatible ABO group can cause a severe
immune reaction.
Universal Donor - __100% correct answer as Type O negative blood is considered
the universal donor because it lacks A and B antigens, minimizing the risk of an immune
response.
Universal Recipient - __100% correct answer as Type AB positive is the universal
recipient, as individuals with this blood type can receive A, B, AB, or O blood.
Rh Blood Group System - __100% correct answer as Determined by the presence
or absence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells.
Rh-positive - __100% correct answer as People classified as Rh-positive have the
Rh factor antigen on their red blood cells.
Rh-negative - __100% correct answer as People classified as Rh-negative do not
have the Rh factor antigen on their red blood cells.
Transfusion Compatibility (Rh) - __100% correct answer as Rh-negative
individuals should ideally receive Rh-negative blood to prevent an immune response.
Pregnancy Considerations (Rh) - __100% correct answer as If an Rh-negative
mother is carrying an Rh-positive baby, there is a risk of Rh incompatibility, which can
lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Rh immunoglobulin - __100% correct answer as Administered to Rh-negative
mothers during and after pregnancy to prevent Rh incompatibility.
