ICVA NAVLE EXAM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS(DETAILED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Equine degenerative myeloneuropathy
B) Equine motor neuron disease
C) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
D) Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
E) Tetanus - CORRECT ANSWERS-D) hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
HYPP leads to episodes of periodic muscle weakness or paralysis.
-Prolapse of the nictitating membrane is characteristic of HYPP due to muscle weakness in the face
-Weakness and collapse suggest muscle paralysis or severe weakness, dog sitting posture strongly
supports this
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Degenerative Myeloneuropathy be incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-EDM is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progresse ataxia ( incoordination) and
weakness in young horses, particularly those deficient in vitamin E.
Although it causes weakness, EDM is more associated with ataxia ( uncoordinated movement) rather
than acute muscle fasciculations or prolapse of the nictitating membrane. It is a chronic, progressive
condition, unlike the episodic nature of HYPP
,A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Motor Neuron Disease be incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-EMND is a neurodegeneratie disorder and is associated with vitamin E deficiency
-EMND causes muscle atrophy and weakness, primarily affecting posture and gait over time. However it
does not typically cause acute episodes of weakness with fasciculation and prolapse of the third eyelid
like HYPP does. EMND is also more chronic in its progression, not episodic.
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Exertional Rhabdomyolysis be incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-ER is a condition where muscle damage occurs after exercise, resulting in muscle
stiffness, pain and potentially dark urine due to myoglobin release.
-While muscle fasciculations and hind limb weakness could suggest muscle damage, ER is typically
associated with exercise induced pain and stiffness rather than sudden collapse. Additionally, prolapse of
nictitating membranes is not a feature of ER
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Tetanus be incorrect - CORRECT ANSWERS-_Tetanus is
caused by neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani leading to rigid paralysis, muscle spasms and an
exaggerated response to stimuli
,-Tetanus causes rigid muscle contraction and spasms rather than muscle weakness seen in this case.
Prolapse of the nictitating membrane can be seen in tetanus, but the muscle fasciculations and collapse
described are ore consistent with HYPP than the rigid paralysis of tetanus
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria. Which of the following is
the most likely causative organism?
A) escheria coli
b) klebsiella spp
c) pasteurella multocida
d) pseudomonas aeruginosa
e) staphylococcus intermedius - CORRECT ANSWERS-d) pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly associated with recurrent
and chronic otitis externa in dogs, especially when standard treatment fails. It is known for its resistance
to many antibiotics and its ability to form biofilms, making infections persistent and difficult to treat.
Clinical Relevance: Pseudomonas is often found in moist environments, which makes the ear canal,
especially in breeds prone to ear infections like Cocker Spaniels, a suitable environment for the bacteria
to thrive. The presence of large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria in purulent discharge strongly suggests
Pseudomonas.
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
THe bacteria is likely pseudomonas aeuriginosa, why is E. coli likely incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-E. coli is a gram negative rod shaped bacterium more commonly associated with
intestinal infections and urinary tract infections. While E.coli can sometimes cause otitis externa, it is far
less common than pseudomonas in chronic ear infections.
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
The likely bacteria is pseudomonas , why is klebsiella incorrect - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Klebsiella are also gram negatie rods, but they are more commonly associated with infections of the
respiratory tract, urinary tract or wound infections.
, A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
Pseudomonas is the likely bacteria, why is pasteurella multocida incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS--Pasteurella multocida is a gram negative coccobacillus that is often associated with
wound infections from animal bites or scratches as well as resp infections.
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
Pseudomonas is the likely bacteria, why is stapylococcus intermedius incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-it is a gram positive cocci, not rod shaped. It is a common cause of skin infections and
can cause otitis externa but the bacteria seen in the smear is decribed as rods, making staphylococcus an
unlikely culprit in this case.
A 10- year old spayed female cat is being evaluated because of a suspected injury to both indlimbs, THe
cat has been drinking and urinating excessively for the past two months. She is walking in a plantigrade
stance. Which of the following is hte most likely cause of this stance?
a) bilateral achilles tendon injury
b) diabetes mellitus
c) hyperadrenocorticism
d) hyperthyroidism
e) lumbar intervertebral disk disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-b) diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus in cats can lead to a conditin called diabetic neuropathy, which is characterized by
weakness in the hindlimbs and a classic plantigrade stance. This is due to nerve damage caused by
prolonged high blood glucose levels.
-The cat has also been drinking and urinating excessiely for the pas two months, which is consistent with
polydipsia and polyuria, common signs of diabetes mellitus due to the osmotic diuresis caused by high
blood sugar levels.
A group of 6-10 week old lambs and their dams have crusted, proliferative lesions on the lips. Physical
examination shows underlying crusts consisting of raised granulation tissue. There are no lesions on the
buccal or lingual mucosa. THe majority of the lambs are affected, but only 5% of the adult sheep are
affected. Affected lambs are active and are nursing. The only adult goat on the farm has similar lesions.
VERIFIED ANSWERS(DETAILED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Equine degenerative myeloneuropathy
B) Equine motor neuron disease
C) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
D) Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
E) Tetanus - CORRECT ANSWERS-D) hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
HYPP leads to episodes of periodic muscle weakness or paralysis.
-Prolapse of the nictitating membrane is characteristic of HYPP due to muscle weakness in the face
-Weakness and collapse suggest muscle paralysis or severe weakness, dog sitting posture strongly
supports this
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Degenerative Myeloneuropathy be incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-EDM is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progresse ataxia ( incoordination) and
weakness in young horses, particularly those deficient in vitamin E.
Although it causes weakness, EDM is more associated with ataxia ( uncoordinated movement) rather
than acute muscle fasciculations or prolapse of the nictitating membrane. It is a chronic, progressive
condition, unlike the episodic nature of HYPP
,A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Motor Neuron Disease be incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-EMND is a neurodegeneratie disorder and is associated with vitamin E deficiency
-EMND causes muscle atrophy and weakness, primarily affecting posture and gait over time. However it
does not typically cause acute episodes of weakness with fasciculation and prolapse of the third eyelid
like HYPP does. EMND is also more chronic in its progression, not episodic.
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Exertional Rhabdomyolysis be incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-ER is a condition where muscle damage occurs after exercise, resulting in muscle
stiffness, pain and potentially dark urine due to myoglobin release.
-While muscle fasciculations and hind limb weakness could suggest muscle damage, ER is typically
associated with exercise induced pain and stiffness rather than sudden collapse. Additionally, prolapse of
nictitating membranes is not a feature of ER
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows
bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and
flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture.
Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is
30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Tetanus be incorrect - CORRECT ANSWERS-_Tetanus is
caused by neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani leading to rigid paralysis, muscle spasms and an
exaggerated response to stimuli
,-Tetanus causes rigid muscle contraction and spasms rather than muscle weakness seen in this case.
Prolapse of the nictitating membrane can be seen in tetanus, but the muscle fasciculations and collapse
described are ore consistent with HYPP than the rigid paralysis of tetanus
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria. Which of the following is
the most likely causative organism?
A) escheria coli
b) klebsiella spp
c) pasteurella multocida
d) pseudomonas aeruginosa
e) staphylococcus intermedius - CORRECT ANSWERS-d) pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly associated with recurrent
and chronic otitis externa in dogs, especially when standard treatment fails. It is known for its resistance
to many antibiotics and its ability to form biofilms, making infections persistent and difficult to treat.
Clinical Relevance: Pseudomonas is often found in moist environments, which makes the ear canal,
especially in breeds prone to ear infections like Cocker Spaniels, a suitable environment for the bacteria
to thrive. The presence of large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria in purulent discharge strongly suggests
Pseudomonas.
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
THe bacteria is likely pseudomonas aeuriginosa, why is E. coli likely incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-E. coli is a gram negative rod shaped bacterium more commonly associated with
intestinal infections and urinary tract infections. While E.coli can sometimes cause otitis externa, it is far
less common than pseudomonas in chronic ear infections.
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
The likely bacteria is pseudomonas , why is klebsiella incorrect - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Klebsiella are also gram negatie rods, but they are more commonly associated with infections of the
respiratory tract, urinary tract or wound infections.
, A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
Pseudomonas is the likely bacteria, why is pasteurella multocida incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS--Pasteurella multocida is a gram negative coccobacillus that is often associated with
wound infections from animal bites or scratches as well as resp infections.
A 6 year old male cocker spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of
purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod shaped bacteria.
Pseudomonas is the likely bacteria, why is stapylococcus intermedius incorrect - CORRECT
ANSWERS-it is a gram positive cocci, not rod shaped. It is a common cause of skin infections and
can cause otitis externa but the bacteria seen in the smear is decribed as rods, making staphylococcus an
unlikely culprit in this case.
A 10- year old spayed female cat is being evaluated because of a suspected injury to both indlimbs, THe
cat has been drinking and urinating excessively for the past two months. She is walking in a plantigrade
stance. Which of the following is hte most likely cause of this stance?
a) bilateral achilles tendon injury
b) diabetes mellitus
c) hyperadrenocorticism
d) hyperthyroidism
e) lumbar intervertebral disk disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-b) diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus in cats can lead to a conditin called diabetic neuropathy, which is characterized by
weakness in the hindlimbs and a classic plantigrade stance. This is due to nerve damage caused by
prolonged high blood glucose levels.
-The cat has also been drinking and urinating excessiely for the pas two months, which is consistent with
polydipsia and polyuria, common signs of diabetes mellitus due to the osmotic diuresis caused by high
blood sugar levels.
A group of 6-10 week old lambs and their dams have crusted, proliferative lesions on the lips. Physical
examination shows underlying crusts consisting of raised granulation tissue. There are no lesions on the
buccal or lingual mucosa. THe majority of the lambs are affected, but only 5% of the adult sheep are
affected. Affected lambs are active and are nursing. The only adult goat on the farm has similar lesions.
