CRJU 2200 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Traditional police training has encouraged female recruits to maintain a feminine stance -
Answers False
The universalistic perspective focuses on - Answers The influence of peers and coworkers
Police are required to prevent all crimes - Answers False
Instances of police discretion usually come to the public's attention when - Answers Something
goes wrong, e.g., abuse or corruption
Seniority within law enforcement agencies limits discretionary decisions for all of these reasons
except which one? - Answers Older officers as a group are less apt to rely on discretion
That police discretion is not as simple in practice as Kelling's two -part definition is underscored
by - Answers All of the above
Predictable beats and schedules can get boring. Research has found that rotating officers into
different beats, units, or shifts results in - Answers Increased distance between officers and the
community
Interactions between new hires and both their colleagues and seasoned officers is responsible
for - Answers Informal socialization
A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person
to believe that another person has committed a specific crime is - Answers All of the above
It is likely that the universalistic perspective is tied to - Answers The traditional, organizational
factors that have pervaded most police agencies.
All of these may influence a police officer not to arrest someone except which one? - Answers
Respecting the contributions of courts, judges, and prosecutors
Which of these would someone with a particularistic perspective believe? - Answers There is no
one personality or set of traits that all police officers share.
Police officers are considered policy makers because - Answers The sum of their discretionary
decisions adds up to policy.
Heterogeneous neighborhoods are those with - Answers Ethnic or racial diversity.
The particularistic perspective focuses on all of the following except which one? - Answers An
officer's training
Police officers' attitudes toward the courts - Answers Run from very favorable to very
unfavorable.
,Selling advertising space on police cruisers is an example of a chief's exercise of discretion. -
Answers True
What is the name for the sense of obligation and protectiveness that officers who routinely
patrol the same area feel for it? - Answers The territorial imperative
All of these are attitudinal dimensions identified by Robert Worden as explaining differences
among individual police officers except which one? - Answers Perceptions of authority
If research demonstrated that policing draws a particular personality type, it would provide
evidence of the power of - Answers Predisposition
Officers who patrol smaller areas, especially in small towns, tend to - Answers Adopt more of a
service orientation.
Almost all police officers have total respect for the law, department policy, and court rulings that
limit their behavior. - Answers False
Under what conditions would it be useful for an officer to apply the broken windows theory in
decision making? - Answers In any neighborhood with signs of physical and social disorder
Officers who see crime control as their primary role are more likely to end a dispute with force
or an arrest than with an attempt to settle it verbally with mediation. - Answers True
What is the first part of the police discretion decision, according to George Kelling? - Answers
Whether to intervene
All of these are true of the Bow Street Runners except which one? - Answers They patrolled the
city and surrounding areas on foot.
In order to prevent crime, August Vollmer suggested, police should - Answers work with families,
schools, and other influential institutions.
What was the prafectus urbi? - Answers the first paid law enforcement official
As a result of historical circumstances, America's system of policing is - Answers nearly unique
in the world.
The idea of making policing a civil service profession was tied to the idea of - Answers divorcing
law enforcement from politics.
British citizens were initially fearful about the police force because - Answers of concerns that
the line between policing and the military was too thin.
How were sheriffs paid for their work in the early days of law enforcement? - Answers They
were allowed to appropriate money collected for the king.
, Punishment in the colonies was distinguished by being - Answers Public
How did shire-reeves address crime? - Answers They fined criminals and parishes that failed to
capture criminals.
"Vice" laws in the late nineteenth century resulted in - Answers significant payoffs to officers
who protected illegal activities.
The events that took place outside the Democratic National Convention in 1969 were an
impetus for - Answers public outcry that resulted in the beginning of the community era of
policing.
All the following are true of New York City's early police force except which one? - Answers It
had about 800 officers.
America's first police officers differed from their London counterparts in - Answers being more
willing to use force.
What was the significant step toward full public policing that occurred in 1735? - Answers Two
London parishes paid their watchmen out of tax collections.
Slave patrols were - Answers a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway
slaves.
During the political era, - Answers police jobs were given to the winning political candidate's
supporters.
What led to the establishment of the world's first large -scale organized police force in the city
of London? - Answers the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act
Reverend Charles Parkhurst - Answers crusaded to reform the political system in New York City.
Sir Robert Peel's concept of uniformed police was primarily supposed to - Answers make police
stand out in a crowd to discourage crime.
The decentralized police force model that developed in America - Answers represents American
rejection of the idea of a national police force.
The unreliability of lawmen in the Old West - Answers led to the formation of posses and
vigilante groups.
What is kin policing? - Answers a very early system in which each group member has
enforcement authority
All of these were responses to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States
except which one? - Answers the end of the community era of law enforcement in the United
States
Traditional police training has encouraged female recruits to maintain a feminine stance -
Answers False
The universalistic perspective focuses on - Answers The influence of peers and coworkers
Police are required to prevent all crimes - Answers False
Instances of police discretion usually come to the public's attention when - Answers Something
goes wrong, e.g., abuse or corruption
Seniority within law enforcement agencies limits discretionary decisions for all of these reasons
except which one? - Answers Older officers as a group are less apt to rely on discretion
That police discretion is not as simple in practice as Kelling's two -part definition is underscored
by - Answers All of the above
Predictable beats and schedules can get boring. Research has found that rotating officers into
different beats, units, or shifts results in - Answers Increased distance between officers and the
community
Interactions between new hires and both their colleagues and seasoned officers is responsible
for - Answers Informal socialization
A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person
to believe that another person has committed a specific crime is - Answers All of the above
It is likely that the universalistic perspective is tied to - Answers The traditional, organizational
factors that have pervaded most police agencies.
All of these may influence a police officer not to arrest someone except which one? - Answers
Respecting the contributions of courts, judges, and prosecutors
Which of these would someone with a particularistic perspective believe? - Answers There is no
one personality or set of traits that all police officers share.
Police officers are considered policy makers because - Answers The sum of their discretionary
decisions adds up to policy.
Heterogeneous neighborhoods are those with - Answers Ethnic or racial diversity.
The particularistic perspective focuses on all of the following except which one? - Answers An
officer's training
Police officers' attitudes toward the courts - Answers Run from very favorable to very
unfavorable.
,Selling advertising space on police cruisers is an example of a chief's exercise of discretion. -
Answers True
What is the name for the sense of obligation and protectiveness that officers who routinely
patrol the same area feel for it? - Answers The territorial imperative
All of these are attitudinal dimensions identified by Robert Worden as explaining differences
among individual police officers except which one? - Answers Perceptions of authority
If research demonstrated that policing draws a particular personality type, it would provide
evidence of the power of - Answers Predisposition
Officers who patrol smaller areas, especially in small towns, tend to - Answers Adopt more of a
service orientation.
Almost all police officers have total respect for the law, department policy, and court rulings that
limit their behavior. - Answers False
Under what conditions would it be useful for an officer to apply the broken windows theory in
decision making? - Answers In any neighborhood with signs of physical and social disorder
Officers who see crime control as their primary role are more likely to end a dispute with force
or an arrest than with an attempt to settle it verbally with mediation. - Answers True
What is the first part of the police discretion decision, according to George Kelling? - Answers
Whether to intervene
All of these are true of the Bow Street Runners except which one? - Answers They patrolled the
city and surrounding areas on foot.
In order to prevent crime, August Vollmer suggested, police should - Answers work with families,
schools, and other influential institutions.
What was the prafectus urbi? - Answers the first paid law enforcement official
As a result of historical circumstances, America's system of policing is - Answers nearly unique
in the world.
The idea of making policing a civil service profession was tied to the idea of - Answers divorcing
law enforcement from politics.
British citizens were initially fearful about the police force because - Answers of concerns that
the line between policing and the military was too thin.
How were sheriffs paid for their work in the early days of law enforcement? - Answers They
were allowed to appropriate money collected for the king.
, Punishment in the colonies was distinguished by being - Answers Public
How did shire-reeves address crime? - Answers They fined criminals and parishes that failed to
capture criminals.
"Vice" laws in the late nineteenth century resulted in - Answers significant payoffs to officers
who protected illegal activities.
The events that took place outside the Democratic National Convention in 1969 were an
impetus for - Answers public outcry that resulted in the beginning of the community era of
policing.
All the following are true of New York City's early police force except which one? - Answers It
had about 800 officers.
America's first police officers differed from their London counterparts in - Answers being more
willing to use force.
What was the significant step toward full public policing that occurred in 1735? - Answers Two
London parishes paid their watchmen out of tax collections.
Slave patrols were - Answers a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway
slaves.
During the political era, - Answers police jobs were given to the winning political candidate's
supporters.
What led to the establishment of the world's first large -scale organized police force in the city
of London? - Answers the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act
Reverend Charles Parkhurst - Answers crusaded to reform the political system in New York City.
Sir Robert Peel's concept of uniformed police was primarily supposed to - Answers make police
stand out in a crowd to discourage crime.
The decentralized police force model that developed in America - Answers represents American
rejection of the idea of a national police force.
The unreliability of lawmen in the Old West - Answers led to the formation of posses and
vigilante groups.
What is kin policing? - Answers a very early system in which each group member has
enforcement authority
All of these were responses to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States
except which one? - Answers the end of the community era of law enforcement in the United
States
