Nigh ngale College Pathophysiology Midterm/
Nigh ngale Pathophysiology midterm/ Pathophysiology
Nigh ngale College (Midterm) Week 2-6 Quiz Ques ons
for Midterm Prep/ pathophysiology midterm exam/
Nigh ngale College Pathophysiology Midterm/
Nigh ngale College Pathophysiology Midterm NEW
EDITION WITH OVER 5 COMPILED EXAM TESTS
Pathophysiology
The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, and organ systems)
that result from disease or injury.
Pathology
The inves ga on of structural altera ons in cells, ssues, and organs, which can help iden fy
the cause of a par cular disease.
Diagnosis
The naming or iden fica on of a disease - is made from an evalua on of the evidence
accumulated from the presen ng signs and symptoms, health and medical history, physical
examina on, laboratory tests, and imaging.
E ology
The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology
The study of tracking pa)erns or disease occurrence and transmission among popula ons and
by geographic areas
Nucleus
Controls and regulates the ac vi es of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the
genes, structures that contain the hereditary informa on
Cytoplasm
,An aqueous solu on. The medium for chemical reac on. It provides a pla-orm upon which
other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the func ons for cell expansion, growth and
replica on are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes
Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Re culum
Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and lipid components of most
organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus
Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from
the complex and migrate to various intracellular and extracellular des na ons, including plasma
membrane.
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes for diges ng most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids,
fa)y acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) produc on
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is
involved in many forms of cell movement
Plasma Membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selec ve barrier, thereby regula ng
the cell's chemical composi on.
Signaling processes
1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell
itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
,cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junc ons) that directly coordinate the ac vi es of adjacent
cells
Atrophy
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism: decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism:: increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism:: increase in cell number
Metaplasia
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Dysplasia
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism: deranged cellular growth, is not considered a true cellular
adapta on but rather atypical hyperplasia
Dominant alleles
The allele whose effects are observable
Recessive alleles
The allele whose effects are hidden
DNA
Directs the synthesis of all the body's proteins
What are the 3 structural components of DNA?
1. The five-carbon monosaccharide deoxyribose
2. A phosphate molecule
3. Four types of nitrogenous bases
Muta ons
, Any altera on of gene c material
Genotype
The composi on of genes at a given locus
Phenotype
The outward appearance of an individual, which is the result of both genotype and environment
Alleles
Different forms of a gene
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key func onal units in hereditary transmission.
Heterozygous
When the alleles are not iden cal
Homozygous
having two iden cal alleles for a trait
Epigene cs
Encoded by chemical modifica ons to DNA and associated histone proteins, helps determine
which of an individual's genes are ac ve in which cells
Down Syndrome
A trisomy of chromosome 21, is the best-known disease caused by a chromosome aberra on. It
affects 1 in 800 to 1 in 1000 live births. These gene c mechanisms lead to
Gaucher's Disease
Missing the enzyme that breaks down fa)y substances called lipids. Lipids start to build up in
certain organs such as your spleen and liver. These gene c mechanisms lead to
Zellweger Disease
Caused by defects in any one of 13 genes, termed PEX genes, required for the normal forma on
and func on of peroxisomes. These gene c mechanisms lead to
Turner syndrome
Nigh ngale Pathophysiology midterm/ Pathophysiology
Nigh ngale College (Midterm) Week 2-6 Quiz Ques ons
for Midterm Prep/ pathophysiology midterm exam/
Nigh ngale College Pathophysiology Midterm/
Nigh ngale College Pathophysiology Midterm NEW
EDITION WITH OVER 5 COMPILED EXAM TESTS
Pathophysiology
The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, and organ systems)
that result from disease or injury.
Pathology
The inves ga on of structural altera ons in cells, ssues, and organs, which can help iden fy
the cause of a par cular disease.
Diagnosis
The naming or iden fica on of a disease - is made from an evalua on of the evidence
accumulated from the presen ng signs and symptoms, health and medical history, physical
examina on, laboratory tests, and imaging.
E ology
The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology
The study of tracking pa)erns or disease occurrence and transmission among popula ons and
by geographic areas
Nucleus
Controls and regulates the ac vi es of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the
genes, structures that contain the hereditary informa on
Cytoplasm
,An aqueous solu on. The medium for chemical reac on. It provides a pla-orm upon which
other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the func ons for cell expansion, growth and
replica on are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes
Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Re culum
Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and lipid components of most
organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus
Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from
the complex and migrate to various intracellular and extracellular des na ons, including plasma
membrane.
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes for diges ng most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids,
fa)y acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) produc on
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is
involved in many forms of cell movement
Plasma Membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selec ve barrier, thereby regula ng
the cell's chemical composi on.
Signaling processes
1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell
itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
,cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junc ons) that directly coordinate the ac vi es of adjacent
cells
Atrophy
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism: decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism:: increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism:: increase in cell number
Metaplasia
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Dysplasia
Type of adap ve cellular mechanism: deranged cellular growth, is not considered a true cellular
adapta on but rather atypical hyperplasia
Dominant alleles
The allele whose effects are observable
Recessive alleles
The allele whose effects are hidden
DNA
Directs the synthesis of all the body's proteins
What are the 3 structural components of DNA?
1. The five-carbon monosaccharide deoxyribose
2. A phosphate molecule
3. Four types of nitrogenous bases
Muta ons
, Any altera on of gene c material
Genotype
The composi on of genes at a given locus
Phenotype
The outward appearance of an individual, which is the result of both genotype and environment
Alleles
Different forms of a gene
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key func onal units in hereditary transmission.
Heterozygous
When the alleles are not iden cal
Homozygous
having two iden cal alleles for a trait
Epigene cs
Encoded by chemical modifica ons to DNA and associated histone proteins, helps determine
which of an individual's genes are ac ve in which cells
Down Syndrome
A trisomy of chromosome 21, is the best-known disease caused by a chromosome aberra on. It
affects 1 in 800 to 1 in 1000 live births. These gene c mechanisms lead to
Gaucher's Disease
Missing the enzyme that breaks down fa)y substances called lipids. Lipids start to build up in
certain organs such as your spleen and liver. These gene c mechanisms lead to
Zellweger Disease
Caused by defects in any one of 13 genes, termed PEX genes, required for the normal forma on
and func on of peroxisomes. These gene c mechanisms lead to
Turner syndrome
