HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
What does PPDAC stand for? - answer-Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis,
Conclusions
Problem in PPDAC: - answer-What is the problem or question?
Plan in PPDAC - answer-what info do you need to answer the
question?
Data in PPDAC - answer-collecting high quality information
Analysis in PPDAC - answer-Sorting, graphing, and running statistical
tests
Conclusions in PPDAC - answer-Interpretation, communication, and
generating new ideas
Why was the Wakefield et al. study poorly done? - answer-Because it
concluded the MMR vaccine was correlated to autism with
questionable methodology
Who was Harold Shipman and what did he do? - answer-A doctor in
the 70s, killed people on house visits by giving them diamorphine
,HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
what are the two subcategories of categorical data - answer-nominal,
ordinal
What is another name for categorical data - answer-discrete data
What is another name for scale data - answer-continuous data
What are the two subcategories of scale data? - answer-interval, ratio
Information that is grouped into unordered categories and the
assigned number is meaningless - answer-nominal data
information is grouped into ordered categories and the number
assigned means something - answer-ordinal data
can calculations be performed on categorical data? - answer-no
This type of data is qualitative - answer-categorical
this type of data is quantitative - answer-scale
,HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
a numerical measure on a scale where each point is equal distance
from one another and there is no true 0 - answer-interval data
a numerical measurement where the numbers are not restricted to
certain values and there is a true 0 - answer-ratio data
this type of frequency distribution shows raw data - answer-absolute
frequency
this type of frequency distribution shows a proportion or percentage
of values that fall within a given interval - answer-relative frequency
formula for relative frequency is - answer-absolute frequency / sum
of all frequencies (x 100 for percentage)
the 'index' in mathematical notations, denoted by 'i', tells you -
answer-the lower limit of the summation (starting value)
Only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal
data - answer-mode
measures of central tendency for ordinal data - answer-mean,
median, or mode (but mean is sometimes less useful)
, HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
measures of central tendency for scale data - answer-mean, median,
or mode
describes the difference between the minimum and maximum value
in a data set - answer-range
dividing the data set into quartiles so you can identify the ranges that
fall within 50% of the mean or median of a data set - answer-IQR
formula to calculate IQR - answer-Q3 - Q1
this can be calculated by identifying the distance between each data
point and the mean, squaring this value, and then averaging the
distances - answer-variance (s^2)
what are the problems with variance, despite it giving an accurate
representation of the spread around the mean? - answer-1. units:
units are not the same as data set values
2. size: the value for variance is much higher than most of the
differences between the data point and the mean value
difference between standard deviation (SD) and variance (s^2) -
answer-SD is the square root of the variance
2026/2027 updated
What does PPDAC stand for? - answer-Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis,
Conclusions
Problem in PPDAC: - answer-What is the problem or question?
Plan in PPDAC - answer-what info do you need to answer the
question?
Data in PPDAC - answer-collecting high quality information
Analysis in PPDAC - answer-Sorting, graphing, and running statistical
tests
Conclusions in PPDAC - answer-Interpretation, communication, and
generating new ideas
Why was the Wakefield et al. study poorly done? - answer-Because it
concluded the MMR vaccine was correlated to autism with
questionable methodology
Who was Harold Shipman and what did he do? - answer-A doctor in
the 70s, killed people on house visits by giving them diamorphine
,HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
what are the two subcategories of categorical data - answer-nominal,
ordinal
What is another name for categorical data - answer-discrete data
What is another name for scale data - answer-continuous data
What are the two subcategories of scale data? - answer-interval, ratio
Information that is grouped into unordered categories and the
assigned number is meaningless - answer-nominal data
information is grouped into ordered categories and the number
assigned means something - answer-ordinal data
can calculations be performed on categorical data? - answer-no
This type of data is qualitative - answer-categorical
this type of data is quantitative - answer-scale
,HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
a numerical measure on a scale where each point is equal distance
from one another and there is no true 0 - answer-interval data
a numerical measurement where the numbers are not restricted to
certain values and there is a true 0 - answer-ratio data
this type of frequency distribution shows raw data - answer-absolute
frequency
this type of frequency distribution shows a proportion or percentage
of values that fall within a given interval - answer-relative frequency
formula for relative frequency is - answer-absolute frequency / sum
of all frequencies (x 100 for percentage)
the 'index' in mathematical notations, denoted by 'i', tells you -
answer-the lower limit of the summation (starting value)
Only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal
data - answer-mode
measures of central tendency for ordinal data - answer-mean,
median, or mode (but mean is sometimes less useful)
, HSCI 190 Exam fully solved &
2026/2027 updated
measures of central tendency for scale data - answer-mean, median,
or mode
describes the difference between the minimum and maximum value
in a data set - answer-range
dividing the data set into quartiles so you can identify the ranges that
fall within 50% of the mean or median of a data set - answer-IQR
formula to calculate IQR - answer-Q3 - Q1
this can be calculated by identifying the distance between each data
point and the mean, squaring this value, and then averaging the
distances - answer-variance (s^2)
what are the problems with variance, despite it giving an accurate
representation of the spread around the mean? - answer-1. units:
units are not the same as data set values
2. size: the value for variance is much higher than most of the
differences between the data point and the mean value
difference between standard deviation (SD) and variance (s^2) -
answer-SD is the square root of the variance
