Nerve Muscle and Smooth Muscle 50. Write a note on plasticity of smooth
muscles.
1. 1. Illustrate the genesis of resting
membrane potential. 41. A 4-year-old child was complaining of
weakness in the left upper limb, to evaluate
7. Explain the plasticity in smooth muscle the cause neurologist advised for nerve
by elaborating on molecular basis of smooth conduction study of nerves in the upper
muscle contraction. limb. When the technician stimulates the
15. Compare and contrast excitation- median nerve in the forearm, observed the
contraction coupling in skeletal muscle and weak contraction in muscles innervated by
smooth muscle (4) the median nerve. Upon increasing the
strength of the stimulus, the muscle
24. A middle-aged man comes to OPD contraction grew stronger
complaining of muscle weakness as the day
progresses which is relieved after a few A) Briefly explain the physiological basis
minutes of rest. He had drooping eyelids and for the increased force of muscle contraction
slurred speech. The patient was given upon increased strength of stimulus? (2)
Neostigmine following which he showed B) Draw a neat, labeled diagram of the
improvement in muscle power. Neuromuscular junction and describe the
A) What is the probable diagnosis in the process of transmission of nerve signals
above case? (1) across the neuromuscular junction (2+4 = 6
marks)
B) Explain the basis for the muscle
weakness observed in this case. (2) C) Add a note on Lambert Eaton
Myasthenic Syndrome (2)
C) What is the action of neostigmine and
mention the other modes of treatment of 51. Define: i) Isometric contraction (1) ii)
above condition? (2) Isotonic contraction (1) iii) Refractory
period (1) iv) Threshold stimulus (1)
21. Explain spatial and temporal summation
with regard to synaptic transmission. (4) 42. Define action potential and explain the
ionic basis of nerve action potential (1+3 = 4
22. Classify nerve fibres based on their marks)
conduction velocities. Explain the factors
affecting velocity of nerve conduction. 40. A 14-year-old female complains of
fatigue as the day progresses, an x-ray
48. Explain the different phases of nerve reveals enlarged thymus, and a clinical
action potential (4) examination revealed weakness in a group
of small muscles. Symptoms subsided with a
49. Explain the role of calmodulin in smooth
dose of Neostigmine injection.
muscle contraction.
, i) What is the probable diagnosis in this 39. Describe the process of Excitation
patient? contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle.
(4)
ii) Explain the physiological basis of the
disease. 27. Explain the action potential of
ventricular muscle with the help of a
31. A 29-year-old woman presents with diagram and give its ionic basis. What is the
ptosis and diplopia which appear towards effect of hyperkalemia on membrane
the end of the day. Administration of potential? (3+1 = 4 marks)
edrophonium, an anticholinesterase,
immediately reverses these symptoms. 28. Define, give the normal value and
Electromyography reveals a progressive mention the significance of: (2+2 = 4 marks)
decline in the amplitude of muscle action
potentials with repeated voluntary i) End diastolic volume. ii) Ejection
contraction. A diagnosis of Myasthenia fraction.
gravis is made. 30. Draw a normal pressure volume loop of
i) Explain safety factor in neuromuscular the left ventricle. Depict changes that occur
transmission. (1.5) in the loop with increase in contractility.
ii) Explain the physiological basis for the Blood
occurrence of patient's symptoms.Give the 53. State Landsteiner's Law. Mention in
basis for the immediate improvement tabular format the agglutinogens and
observed with edrophonium administration. agglutinins present in the ABO system.
(1½+1 = 2½) Explain the principle of cross matching.
Skeletal Muscle Explain the complications of blood
transfusion.
32. Describe the sliding filament theory of
skeletal muscle contraction. (4) 54. Explain the stages of erythropoiesis with
the help of neatly labelled diagram.
1. 16. Explain the various sources of energy
for skeletal muscle contraction. Add a note 56. Classify lymphocytes. Explain the role
on oxygen debt. (2+2 = 4) of lymphocytes in cell mediated immunity. (
4)
2. Explain normal excitation contraction
coupling in skeletal muscle. (5) 23. Explain the stages of erythropoiesis with
the help of diagrams. Explain the factors
8. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of regulating erythropoiesis. Add a note on
sarcomere of skeletal muscle and add a note reticulocyte. (4+4+2 = 10 marks)
on sarcotubular System (2+2 = 4 marks)
26. Define Landsteiner's law. Give
physiological basis for the occurrence of
ABO antibodies in blood. (2+2 = 4 marks)
muscles.
1. 1. Illustrate the genesis of resting
membrane potential. 41. A 4-year-old child was complaining of
weakness in the left upper limb, to evaluate
7. Explain the plasticity in smooth muscle the cause neurologist advised for nerve
by elaborating on molecular basis of smooth conduction study of nerves in the upper
muscle contraction. limb. When the technician stimulates the
15. Compare and contrast excitation- median nerve in the forearm, observed the
contraction coupling in skeletal muscle and weak contraction in muscles innervated by
smooth muscle (4) the median nerve. Upon increasing the
strength of the stimulus, the muscle
24. A middle-aged man comes to OPD contraction grew stronger
complaining of muscle weakness as the day
progresses which is relieved after a few A) Briefly explain the physiological basis
minutes of rest. He had drooping eyelids and for the increased force of muscle contraction
slurred speech. The patient was given upon increased strength of stimulus? (2)
Neostigmine following which he showed B) Draw a neat, labeled diagram of the
improvement in muscle power. Neuromuscular junction and describe the
A) What is the probable diagnosis in the process of transmission of nerve signals
above case? (1) across the neuromuscular junction (2+4 = 6
marks)
B) Explain the basis for the muscle
weakness observed in this case. (2) C) Add a note on Lambert Eaton
Myasthenic Syndrome (2)
C) What is the action of neostigmine and
mention the other modes of treatment of 51. Define: i) Isometric contraction (1) ii)
above condition? (2) Isotonic contraction (1) iii) Refractory
period (1) iv) Threshold stimulus (1)
21. Explain spatial and temporal summation
with regard to synaptic transmission. (4) 42. Define action potential and explain the
ionic basis of nerve action potential (1+3 = 4
22. Classify nerve fibres based on their marks)
conduction velocities. Explain the factors
affecting velocity of nerve conduction. 40. A 14-year-old female complains of
fatigue as the day progresses, an x-ray
48. Explain the different phases of nerve reveals enlarged thymus, and a clinical
action potential (4) examination revealed weakness in a group
of small muscles. Symptoms subsided with a
49. Explain the role of calmodulin in smooth
dose of Neostigmine injection.
muscle contraction.
, i) What is the probable diagnosis in this 39. Describe the process of Excitation
patient? contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle.
(4)
ii) Explain the physiological basis of the
disease. 27. Explain the action potential of
ventricular muscle with the help of a
31. A 29-year-old woman presents with diagram and give its ionic basis. What is the
ptosis and diplopia which appear towards effect of hyperkalemia on membrane
the end of the day. Administration of potential? (3+1 = 4 marks)
edrophonium, an anticholinesterase,
immediately reverses these symptoms. 28. Define, give the normal value and
Electromyography reveals a progressive mention the significance of: (2+2 = 4 marks)
decline in the amplitude of muscle action
potentials with repeated voluntary i) End diastolic volume. ii) Ejection
contraction. A diagnosis of Myasthenia fraction.
gravis is made. 30. Draw a normal pressure volume loop of
i) Explain safety factor in neuromuscular the left ventricle. Depict changes that occur
transmission. (1.5) in the loop with increase in contractility.
ii) Explain the physiological basis for the Blood
occurrence of patient's symptoms.Give the 53. State Landsteiner's Law. Mention in
basis for the immediate improvement tabular format the agglutinogens and
observed with edrophonium administration. agglutinins present in the ABO system.
(1½+1 = 2½) Explain the principle of cross matching.
Skeletal Muscle Explain the complications of blood
transfusion.
32. Describe the sliding filament theory of
skeletal muscle contraction. (4) 54. Explain the stages of erythropoiesis with
the help of neatly labelled diagram.
1. 16. Explain the various sources of energy
for skeletal muscle contraction. Add a note 56. Classify lymphocytes. Explain the role
on oxygen debt. (2+2 = 4) of lymphocytes in cell mediated immunity. (
4)
2. Explain normal excitation contraction
coupling in skeletal muscle. (5) 23. Explain the stages of erythropoiesis with
the help of diagrams. Explain the factors
8. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of regulating erythropoiesis. Add a note on
sarcomere of skeletal muscle and add a note reticulocyte. (4+4+2 = 10 marks)
on sarcotubular System (2+2 = 4 marks)
26. Define Landsteiner's law. Give
physiological basis for the occurrence of
ABO antibodies in blood. (2+2 = 4 marks)
