COGS 115 MIDTERM EXAM WITH ALL ANSWERS CORRECT.

Cogs 115 Midterm Exam With All Answers b b b b b b




Correct b




Lecture b1 b- b bcorrect banswer- b b b b b




Any bprocess brequiring binformation bprocessing bwithin ba
b b b b b b




complex b(neural) bsystem, bresulting bin bstate bchanges bthat
b b b b b b b




contribute btowards baction bor bre-presentation b- b bcorrect banswer-Cognition
b b b b b b b b




Developmental bpsychologists bwant bto bknow... b- b bcorrect banswer--How bto b b b b b b b b b




bcharacterize bthese bbehaviors?
b b b




• bDetails: b"Uses blanguage" bisn't bspecific benough
b b b b b b




• bHard bto binfer band bspecifically bdescribe bwhat bchanged!
b b b b b b b b




- bHow bdoes bchange boccur?
b b b b




• bSame bin bhuman b& bother bapes? bPrimates? bMammals?
b b b b b b b b




• bSame bin ball bchildren, bor bvariable?
b b b b b b




• bWhy bdoes bit bsometimes bgo bwrong?
b b b b b b




origins bin bcognitive bdevelopmental
b b b




science b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativism b b b b




_______ busually bsay bnothing babout bbiology, bor bmake
b b b b b b b




vague breference b(e.g., bevolution) bwithout bknowing bbasic
b b b b b b




facts babout bdev bbio bthat bshould bconstrain btheory b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativists
b b b b b b b b b b b




How bmany bkinds bof bcells, bneurons, bneurotransmitters,
b b b b b b




receptors, betc., bin bthe bbrain? b- b bcorrect banswer-Cells: bnot bjust bneurons, bglia b
b b b b b b b b b b b b b




Neurons: banterior bhorn, bbasket, bbipolar, bclimbing, bdendritic, bGolgi bI band
b b b b b b b b b




II, bgranule b(several), bmitral, bmossy, bpseudo-unipolar, bPurkinje,
b b b b b b




pyramidal, bRGCs, bspindle, bspiny b... b b b b b b




Neurotransmitters: b b




-Ach; bDa, b5-HT, bNe, bEpi b
b b b b b




-Amino bacids: bGlu, bGABA, bAsp, bD-serine, bGlycine,; bPeptides b(P, bY,
b b b b b b b b b




opioids); bSteroid bhormones b(Est; bTest) b b b b

,-Light

How bmany bneurons? b- b bcorrect banswer-86b b(in badult bmales)
b b b b b b b b b




Organizational bprinciple: b




- bConservation bacross bspecies b(e.g., bproportion bof bcortical bto
b b b b b b b b




cerebellar bneurons) b




- bConservation bacross bstructures
b b b




ex: b7TMR bor bGPCR bproteins...
b b b b




- b7 btrans-membrane breceptor bor bG bProtein bCoupled bReceptors b- b bcorrect
b b b b b b b b b b b




banswer-Conservation
b




Conservation

7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
b b b b b b




•In bALL banimals. bFunctions: bVision, b_______________ b, bmood, barousal,
b b b b b b b b




binflammation, b_________ b___________ b, b___________ b(e.g., bH2O), bmotor
b b b b b b b b




bresponse b(worms) b- b bcorrect banswer-chemosensation
b b b b b b




autonomic bresponse b




homeostasis

7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
b b b b b b




• bLigands: bDA b(dopamine), b5HT b(serotonin), bNe b(norepinephrine), bGABA,
b b b b b b b b




bpeptides
b




(e.g., boxytocin), bglutamate, bhistamine, bcalcitonin, blight... b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b




Lecture b2 b- b bcorrect banswer- b b b b b




Why bis bnativism bcompelling? b_______ b-specific, bearly bemerging btraits,
b b b b b b b b




bespecially blanguage
b b




Ex: bsome banimals bshow bcomplex bbehaviors bwithout
b b b b b b




apparent btraining bexperience b b




bb- bDark-reared banimals bof bsome bspecies bavoid ba b'visual bcliff'
b b b b b b b b b




- bStiles b(p. b5): bstudies bthat b"purport bto bpresent bevidence bof
b b b b b b b b b b




'core bknowledge' bin bthe babsence bof bprior bexperience" b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b b




Species

Problem bwith bspecies-specific btraits: b b b b b




Language:
- bOnly b__ bspecies
b b b




- bObviously bthe bparticulars bare blearned
b b b b b




- bBut bmaybe bsome babstract bcharacteristics bare b_________ band
b b b b b b b b




(largely) b__________ b(see bStiles bp. b4) b b b b b




- bGenetic blinkages bhave bbeen bdocumented bin bfamily-linked
b b b b b b b




language bdisorder b(FOXP2 bpoint bmutation) b- b bcorrect banswer-1
b b b b b b b b




universal b b




invariant

, but:
- bSome baspects bof blanguage bare b_________ bby bother bspecies
b b b b b b b b b




- bHaven't bconverged bon bwhat's buniversal band binvariant
b b b b b b b




• bHuge b__________ bin balmost bevery baspect bof blanguage b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b b b




learnable b b




variability

Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bNativist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bShows binfants' b b b b b b b b b b b




b"core b(innate) bknowledge" bof bphysics: bsolid bobjects bcan't
b b b b b b b b




pass bthrough bother bobjects
b b b




• b"Core bknowledge," bthough ba bpopular bidea, bremains bvaguely bdefined band
b b b b b b b b b b




rests bonly bon bdata bfrom bthis bmethod
b b b b b b




Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bConstructivist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bLarge bball b b b b b b b b b b b




bis bperceptually bmore bsalient,
b b b b




• binfants bhave blearned bto blook blonger bat bmore bsalient bevents
b b b b b b b b b b




• bEvidence bfor bperceptual baccount: bResults bare boften bfragile
b b b b b b b b




Problems bwith bTest: b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bThese bstudies btest binfants bwho've
b b b b b b b b b b b




bbeen bwatching bphysical
b b b




events bfor bmonths. bWhat's blearned, b& bwhen?
b b b b b b




2. bIf binfants binnately b'understand' bgravity, bwhy bdo b2-year-olds bmake bthis berror?
b b b b b b b b b b b




*Knowledge bof bhow bphysical bvariables bconstrain bmotion bis bfragile, beven bin b b b b b b b b b b




bmuch bolder bchildren
b b b




innate bvs. bcongenital: b b




What's bso bspecial babout bbirth? b- b bcorrect banswer-experience bstarts bat
b b b b b b b b b b




bconception
b




What bcounts bas b"learning?" b- b bcorrect banswer-What bwe bthink bof bas b"learning"
b b b b b b b b b b b b




bis bonly bone btype bof bexperience bthat bcan bdrive bdevelopment
b b b b b b b b b b




- bEXAMPLE: bstudies bof bimprinting b(Gottlieb)
b b b b b




Where bdo bcongenital bimprinting bpreferences bcome bfrom? b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b




Gottlieb: bmultimodal b(not bjust bvisual!) bexperience b- bwith
b b b b b b b




nestmates, bnot badults! b b




- bNecessity bof baudition
b b b




Take-away bpoints: b b b




• bWe bcan't bintuit bthe brelation bbetween bexperience band
b b b b b b b b




development bof btraits b b




• bExperience bbegins bin butero:
b b b b




- bNeonates bprefer bmaternal bvoice b(DeCasper b& bFifer, b1980)
b b b b b b b b




• bBehavioral bphenotypes band bdisorders bhave bgenetic
b b b b b b




____________ band____________ b, b b




- bbut bjust blike bmost bdiseases, bthere bare brarely bsingle-gene bcauses
b b b b b b b b b b