Inhoudsopgave
EUROPEES EN INTERNATIONAAL BELEID.................................................................................. 10
DEEL I: BENELUX...................................................................................................................... 10
1. ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT..........................................................................10
2. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING...............................................................11
2.1 BENELUX SECRETARIAT-GENERAL...............................................................................11
2.1.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 12
2.1.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 12
2.2 BENELUX COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS...........................................................................12
2.2.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 13
2.3 BENELUX INTERPARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY................................................................13
2.3.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 14
2.4 OTHER BENELUX INSTITUTIONS................................................................................... 14
2.4.1 Benelux council...................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Benelux Court of Justice......................................................................................... 14
3. POLICY............................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 SENNINGEN COOPERATION.......................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Deepening police cooperation............................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Intensifying thematic cooperation.........................................................................15
3.1.3 Crisis management................................................................................................ 16
3.1.4 Migration................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 FIGHT AGAINST FRAUD................................................................................................ 16
3.3 JUDICIAL COOPERATION............................................................................................... 17
DEEL II: Schengen.................................................................................................................... 18
1. ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT..........................................................................18
1.1 LINK WITH EXISTING COOPERATION STRUCTURES.......................................................18
1.2 AIMS............................................................................................................................. 18
1.2.1 Lifting internal border controls for persons...............................................................18
1.2.2 Flanking measures................................................................................................. 18
Carriers liability............................................................................................................ 18
Obligation to register................................................................................................... 19
Handling asylum applications & Eurodac.....................................................................19
Schengen visa for short stay & VIS..............................................................................19
1
, Operational police and judicial cooperation.................................................................20
Information exchange via SIS...................................................................................... 20
Smart borders package, EES & ETIAS..........................................................................20
1.2.2 Limiting free movement in the Schengen area?....................................................21
Temporary reintroduction of internal border controls.....................................................21
EU passenger Name Record (PNR) directive................................................................21
1.2 LINK WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION............................................................................... 21
2. GEOGRAPHIC ENLARGEMENT............................................................................................ 22
a. DOUBLING IN THE EARLY 1990S.................................................................................... 22
ii. Switzerland and Lichtenstein...................................................................................... 22
c. NEW EU MEMBER STATES............................................................................................... 22
d. PENDING DOSSIERS....................................................................................................... 22
3. INTEGRATION OF THE SCHENGEN ACQUIS IN THE EU.......................................................23
a. CLOSER COOPERATION THROUGH THE PROTOCOL........................................................23
b. MIXED COMMITTEE (COMIX)........................................................................................... 23
c. MIXED INSTRUMENTS..................................................................................................... 24
d. IRELAND, UK AND DENMARK.......................................................................................... 24
4. SCHENGEN III: PRÜM CONVENTION................................................................................... 24
DEEL III: EUROPEAN UNION (EU)............................................................................................... 25
1. ORGIN AND HISTORIC DEVELOPNENT............................................................................... 25
1.1 PHASE ONE: EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION.. . .25
1.1.1 European Coal and Steel Community.....................................................................26
1.1.2 European Economic Community (EEC)...................................................................26
1.1.3 European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom treaty).........................................26
1.1.4 Merger Treaty........................................................................................................ 27
1.1.5 European Political Cooperation.............................................................................. 27
Common foreign policy................................................................................................ 27
International cooperation in justice and home affairs matters....................................28
1.2 PHASE TWO: PILLAR STRUCTURE.................................................................................30
1.2.1 EVOLUTION OF THE TREATIES................................................................................ 30
Maastricht Treaty......................................................................................................... 30
Amsterdam Treaty....................................................................................................... 31
Nice Treaty.................................................................................................................. 31
1.2.2 Legal instruments.................................................................................................. 32
First Pillars instruments............................................................................................... 32
Second Pillars instruments........................................................................................... 32
Third Pillars instruments.............................................................................................. 33
1.3 PHASE THREE: TOWARDS THE CURRENT EUROPEAN UNION.......................................34
1.3.1 Renewal of the founding treaties...........................................................................34
2
, 1.3.2 Decision-making procedure................................................................................... 35
1.3.3 Legal instruments.................................................................................................. 35
2. GEOGRAPHICAL ENLARGEMENT........................................................................................ 36
3. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING...............................................................37
3.1 EUROPEAN COUNCIL.................................................................................................... 37
3.1.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 37
3.1.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 37
3.1.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 37
3.2 COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION............................................................................37
3.2.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 38
3.2.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 38
3.2.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 38
Presidency................................................................................................................... 38
Decision making.......................................................................................................... 39
Secretariat-General...................................................................................................... 39
Preparatory and advisory bodies.................................................................................39
3.2.4 COSI....................................................................................................................... 39
3.2.5 Coreper.................................................................................................................. 40
Comité de l’article Trente-Six / Committee of Article Thirty-Six (CATS).......................40
SCIFA........................................................................................................................... 40
3.3 EUROPEAN COMMISSION.............................................................................................. 41
3.3.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 41
3.3.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 41
Legislative right of initiative........................................................................................ 41
Executive responsibilities............................................................................................ 41
Supervision and control............................................................................................... 42
Representation............................................................................................................ 42
3.3.3 Functioning........................................................................................................... 42
Meeting Rhythm.......................................................................................................... 42
Decision-making.......................................................................................................... 42
Accountability.............................................................................................................. 42
Directorates-general.................................................................................................... 42
3.3.3 Comitology............................................................................................................. 43
3.4 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT.............................................................................................. 43
3.4.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 43
3.4.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 43
Participation in decision-making.................................................................................. 43
Budget......................................................................................................................... 43
Supervision and control............................................................................................... 44
3
, 3.4.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 44
Meeting Rhythm.......................................................................................................... 44
Co-decision procedure................................................................................................. 44
Consultation Procedure................................................................................................ 44
3.5 COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.............................................................45
3.5.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 45
3.5.2 Responsibilities of the General Court.....................................................................45
3.5.3 Responsibilities of the Court of Justice...................................................................46
Appeals........................................................................................................................ 46
Actions for failure to fulfil obligations or for failure to act............................................46
Actions for annulment.................................................................................................. 46
Preliminary rulings....................................................................................................... 46
3.5.4 Selection of relevant case law (p.97-108)..............................................................47
3.5.5 Opt-out for the UK.................................................................................................. 47
3.5.6 Functioning............................................................................................................ 47
4. POLICY............................................................................................................................... 48
4.1 MIGRATION WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION.................................................................48
4.2 VISA POLICY................................................................................................................. 48
4.3 IMMIGRATION INTO THE EU.......................................................................................... 49
4.3.1 Legal immigration.................................................................................................. 49
work – related immigration.......................................................................................... 49
Family reunification..................................................................................................... 49
Study & research......................................................................................................... 50
Integration................................................................................................................... 50
Long-term residence................................................................................................... 50
4.3.2 Legal immigration.................................................................................................. 50
CRIMINALIZATION........................................................................................................ 50
Prevention and control................................................................................................. 50
Return.......................................................................................................................... 50
4.4 COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM........................................................................50
4.4.1 Identification of applicants..................................................................................... 51
4.4.2 Dividing responsibilities and costs.........................................................................51
4.4.3 Reception requirements......................................................................................... 52
4.4.4 Common procedures.............................................................................................. 52
4.4.5 International protection......................................................................................... 52
4.4.6 Temporary protection............................................................................................ 52
4.4.7 External dimension................................................................................................ 52
4.5 COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY..................................................................52
4.5.1 History and development....................................................................................... 52
4
EUROPEES EN INTERNATIONAAL BELEID.................................................................................. 10
DEEL I: BENELUX...................................................................................................................... 10
1. ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT..........................................................................10
2. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING...............................................................11
2.1 BENELUX SECRETARIAT-GENERAL...............................................................................11
2.1.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 12
2.1.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 12
2.2 BENELUX COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS...........................................................................12
2.2.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 13
2.3 BENELUX INTERPARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY................................................................13
2.3.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 14
2.4 OTHER BENELUX INSTITUTIONS................................................................................... 14
2.4.1 Benelux council...................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Benelux Court of Justice......................................................................................... 14
3. POLICY............................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 SENNINGEN COOPERATION.......................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Deepening police cooperation............................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Intensifying thematic cooperation.........................................................................15
3.1.3 Crisis management................................................................................................ 16
3.1.4 Migration................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 FIGHT AGAINST FRAUD................................................................................................ 16
3.3 JUDICIAL COOPERATION............................................................................................... 17
DEEL II: Schengen.................................................................................................................... 18
1. ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT..........................................................................18
1.1 LINK WITH EXISTING COOPERATION STRUCTURES.......................................................18
1.2 AIMS............................................................................................................................. 18
1.2.1 Lifting internal border controls for persons...............................................................18
1.2.2 Flanking measures................................................................................................. 18
Carriers liability............................................................................................................ 18
Obligation to register................................................................................................... 19
Handling asylum applications & Eurodac.....................................................................19
Schengen visa for short stay & VIS..............................................................................19
1
, Operational police and judicial cooperation.................................................................20
Information exchange via SIS...................................................................................... 20
Smart borders package, EES & ETIAS..........................................................................20
1.2.2 Limiting free movement in the Schengen area?....................................................21
Temporary reintroduction of internal border controls.....................................................21
EU passenger Name Record (PNR) directive................................................................21
1.2 LINK WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION............................................................................... 21
2. GEOGRAPHIC ENLARGEMENT............................................................................................ 22
a. DOUBLING IN THE EARLY 1990S.................................................................................... 22
ii. Switzerland and Lichtenstein...................................................................................... 22
c. NEW EU MEMBER STATES............................................................................................... 22
d. PENDING DOSSIERS....................................................................................................... 22
3. INTEGRATION OF THE SCHENGEN ACQUIS IN THE EU.......................................................23
a. CLOSER COOPERATION THROUGH THE PROTOCOL........................................................23
b. MIXED COMMITTEE (COMIX)........................................................................................... 23
c. MIXED INSTRUMENTS..................................................................................................... 24
d. IRELAND, UK AND DENMARK.......................................................................................... 24
4. SCHENGEN III: PRÜM CONVENTION................................................................................... 24
DEEL III: EUROPEAN UNION (EU)............................................................................................... 25
1. ORGIN AND HISTORIC DEVELOPNENT............................................................................... 25
1.1 PHASE ONE: EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION.. . .25
1.1.1 European Coal and Steel Community.....................................................................26
1.1.2 European Economic Community (EEC)...................................................................26
1.1.3 European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom treaty).........................................26
1.1.4 Merger Treaty........................................................................................................ 27
1.1.5 European Political Cooperation.............................................................................. 27
Common foreign policy................................................................................................ 27
International cooperation in justice and home affairs matters....................................28
1.2 PHASE TWO: PILLAR STRUCTURE.................................................................................30
1.2.1 EVOLUTION OF THE TREATIES................................................................................ 30
Maastricht Treaty......................................................................................................... 30
Amsterdam Treaty....................................................................................................... 31
Nice Treaty.................................................................................................................. 31
1.2.2 Legal instruments.................................................................................................. 32
First Pillars instruments............................................................................................... 32
Second Pillars instruments........................................................................................... 32
Third Pillars instruments.............................................................................................. 33
1.3 PHASE THREE: TOWARDS THE CURRENT EUROPEAN UNION.......................................34
1.3.1 Renewal of the founding treaties...........................................................................34
2
, 1.3.2 Decision-making procedure................................................................................... 35
1.3.3 Legal instruments.................................................................................................. 35
2. GEOGRAPHICAL ENLARGEMENT........................................................................................ 36
3. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING...............................................................37
3.1 EUROPEAN COUNCIL.................................................................................................... 37
3.1.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 37
3.1.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 37
3.1.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 37
3.2 COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION............................................................................37
3.2.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 38
3.2.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 38
3.2.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 38
Presidency................................................................................................................... 38
Decision making.......................................................................................................... 39
Secretariat-General...................................................................................................... 39
Preparatory and advisory bodies.................................................................................39
3.2.4 COSI....................................................................................................................... 39
3.2.5 Coreper.................................................................................................................. 40
Comité de l’article Trente-Six / Committee of Article Thirty-Six (CATS).......................40
SCIFA........................................................................................................................... 40
3.3 EUROPEAN COMMISSION.............................................................................................. 41
3.3.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 41
3.3.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 41
Legislative right of initiative........................................................................................ 41
Executive responsibilities............................................................................................ 41
Supervision and control............................................................................................... 42
Representation............................................................................................................ 42
3.3.3 Functioning........................................................................................................... 42
Meeting Rhythm.......................................................................................................... 42
Decision-making.......................................................................................................... 42
Accountability.............................................................................................................. 42
Directorates-general.................................................................................................... 42
3.3.3 Comitology............................................................................................................. 43
3.4 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT.............................................................................................. 43
3.4.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 43
3.4.2 Tasks and responsibilities...................................................................................... 43
Participation in decision-making.................................................................................. 43
Budget......................................................................................................................... 43
Supervision and control............................................................................................... 44
3
, 3.4.3 Functioning............................................................................................................ 44
Meeting Rhythm.......................................................................................................... 44
Co-decision procedure................................................................................................. 44
Consultation Procedure................................................................................................ 44
3.5 COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.............................................................45
3.5.1 Composition........................................................................................................... 45
3.5.2 Responsibilities of the General Court.....................................................................45
3.5.3 Responsibilities of the Court of Justice...................................................................46
Appeals........................................................................................................................ 46
Actions for failure to fulfil obligations or for failure to act............................................46
Actions for annulment.................................................................................................. 46
Preliminary rulings....................................................................................................... 46
3.5.4 Selection of relevant case law (p.97-108)..............................................................47
3.5.5 Opt-out for the UK.................................................................................................. 47
3.5.6 Functioning............................................................................................................ 47
4. POLICY............................................................................................................................... 48
4.1 MIGRATION WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION.................................................................48
4.2 VISA POLICY................................................................................................................. 48
4.3 IMMIGRATION INTO THE EU.......................................................................................... 49
4.3.1 Legal immigration.................................................................................................. 49
work – related immigration.......................................................................................... 49
Family reunification..................................................................................................... 49
Study & research......................................................................................................... 50
Integration................................................................................................................... 50
Long-term residence................................................................................................... 50
4.3.2 Legal immigration.................................................................................................. 50
CRIMINALIZATION........................................................................................................ 50
Prevention and control................................................................................................. 50
Return.......................................................................................................................... 50
4.4 COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM........................................................................50
4.4.1 Identification of applicants..................................................................................... 51
4.4.2 Dividing responsibilities and costs.........................................................................51
4.4.3 Reception requirements......................................................................................... 52
4.4.4 Common procedures.............................................................................................. 52
4.4.5 International protection......................................................................................... 52
4.4.6 Temporary protection............................................................................................ 52
4.4.7 External dimension................................................................................................ 52
4.5 COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY..................................................................52
4.5.1 History and development....................................................................................... 52
4
