C4 Exam 2 Brief Review Ellie Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026/2027 All Answers 100% Correct Verified Best Exam Solution
Graded A+ For Success
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWERS volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1
minute.
CO = HR x SV
Normal range: 4-8 L/min
Stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWERS amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with
each beat
normal range: 60-150ml/beat
usually >50% of total ventricular volume
Preload - CORRECT ANSWERS CVP or PAWP
amount of volume in heart atrium before contracting (systole)
atrial kick - CORRECT ANSWERS improves chamber output by 25-30% from atrium to allow
for adequate filling/contraction
Hemodynamics - CORRECT ANSWERS measures pump, pressure, and volume as a diagnostic
tool and to optimize treatment for a better "total" picture
CVP - CORRECT ANSWERS lowest pressure, thin wall, no valve that'll go to lungs.
PAWP - CORRECT ANSWERS high pressure, thicker wall
Low CVP - CORRECT ANSWERS causes: low volume, arrhythmias
Tx: administer volume or tx arrhythmia.
High CVP - CORRECT ANSWERS causes: high volume, pulmonic stenosis, CHF
Tx: diuretics, vasodilators
,C4 Exam 2 Brief Review Ellie Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026/2027 All Answers 100% Correct Verified Best Exam Solution
Graded A+ For Success
low PAWP - CORRECT ANSWERS low volume
High PAWP - CORRECT ANSWERS high fluid, LV dysfunction, aortic or mitral valve stenosis,
HTN
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS resistance ventricles must overcome to eject blood
PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance vs SVR
SVR: 800-1200 dynes/sec
low SVR - CORRECT ANSWERS tx with vaso constrictors
(doPamine)
high SVR - CORRECT ANSWERS tx with vasodilaors (NTG for coronary arteries, Nipride for
systemic)
EF - CORRECT ANSWERS Normal: 50-65% at least. not directly measured. seen with ECHO
Positive inotropes - CORRECT ANSWERS increase contraction via beta 1 stimulation
(increase O2 demand): dobutamine, milrinone, epi, norepi, dopamine, Mg, Ca
Negative Inotropes - CORRECT ANSWERS decrease contraction (decrease O2 demand): Ca
channel blockers, beta blockers
Arterial pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS measure of the pressure exerted by blood against
the walls of the arterial system
- continuous measure with arterial line.
-radial, femoral, brachial ARTERY
Allen test
, C4 Exam 2 Brief Review Ellie Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026/2027 All Answers 100% Correct Verified Best Exam Solution
Graded A+ For Success
will always see normal BP
Art line complications - CORRECT ANSWERS 1: HEMORRHAGE
2: infection
3: thrombi (allen test)
Central lines - CORRECT ANSWERS obtains CVP, PCWP, CO and allows for large
administration of volume
Central line Complications - CORRECT ANSWERS 1: INFECTION - remove asap
2: Air emboli
3: Thrombi
Swan Ganz (pulmonary artery catheter) - CORRECT ANSWERS central line, determines
cardiac function and volume status
uses balloon to pass through R side of heart and stay in pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary artery catheter ranges - CORRECT ANSWERS CVP: 2-8 (RA preload)
PAWP: 6-12 (LA preload)
never do permanent wedge!
Mechanical circulatory support - CORRECT ANSWERS Short term: ECMO, IABP (augment
circulation)
Long term: Ventricular assist device (VAD), implantable artificial heart.
Acute respiratory failure - CORRECT ANSWERS a condition, not a disease
2026/2027 All Answers 100% Correct Verified Best Exam Solution
Graded A+ For Success
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWERS volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1
minute.
CO = HR x SV
Normal range: 4-8 L/min
Stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWERS amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with
each beat
normal range: 60-150ml/beat
usually >50% of total ventricular volume
Preload - CORRECT ANSWERS CVP or PAWP
amount of volume in heart atrium before contracting (systole)
atrial kick - CORRECT ANSWERS improves chamber output by 25-30% from atrium to allow
for adequate filling/contraction
Hemodynamics - CORRECT ANSWERS measures pump, pressure, and volume as a diagnostic
tool and to optimize treatment for a better "total" picture
CVP - CORRECT ANSWERS lowest pressure, thin wall, no valve that'll go to lungs.
PAWP - CORRECT ANSWERS high pressure, thicker wall
Low CVP - CORRECT ANSWERS causes: low volume, arrhythmias
Tx: administer volume or tx arrhythmia.
High CVP - CORRECT ANSWERS causes: high volume, pulmonic stenosis, CHF
Tx: diuretics, vasodilators
,C4 Exam 2 Brief Review Ellie Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026/2027 All Answers 100% Correct Verified Best Exam Solution
Graded A+ For Success
low PAWP - CORRECT ANSWERS low volume
High PAWP - CORRECT ANSWERS high fluid, LV dysfunction, aortic or mitral valve stenosis,
HTN
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS resistance ventricles must overcome to eject blood
PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance vs SVR
SVR: 800-1200 dynes/sec
low SVR - CORRECT ANSWERS tx with vaso constrictors
(doPamine)
high SVR - CORRECT ANSWERS tx with vasodilaors (NTG for coronary arteries, Nipride for
systemic)
EF - CORRECT ANSWERS Normal: 50-65% at least. not directly measured. seen with ECHO
Positive inotropes - CORRECT ANSWERS increase contraction via beta 1 stimulation
(increase O2 demand): dobutamine, milrinone, epi, norepi, dopamine, Mg, Ca
Negative Inotropes - CORRECT ANSWERS decrease contraction (decrease O2 demand): Ca
channel blockers, beta blockers
Arterial pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS measure of the pressure exerted by blood against
the walls of the arterial system
- continuous measure with arterial line.
-radial, femoral, brachial ARTERY
Allen test
, C4 Exam 2 Brief Review Ellie Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026/2027 All Answers 100% Correct Verified Best Exam Solution
Graded A+ For Success
will always see normal BP
Art line complications - CORRECT ANSWERS 1: HEMORRHAGE
2: infection
3: thrombi (allen test)
Central lines - CORRECT ANSWERS obtains CVP, PCWP, CO and allows for large
administration of volume
Central line Complications - CORRECT ANSWERS 1: INFECTION - remove asap
2: Air emboli
3: Thrombi
Swan Ganz (pulmonary artery catheter) - CORRECT ANSWERS central line, determines
cardiac function and volume status
uses balloon to pass through R side of heart and stay in pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary artery catheter ranges - CORRECT ANSWERS CVP: 2-8 (RA preload)
PAWP: 6-12 (LA preload)
never do permanent wedge!
Mechanical circulatory support - CORRECT ANSWERS Short term: ECMO, IABP (augment
circulation)
Long term: Ventricular assist device (VAD), implantable artificial heart.
Acute respiratory failure - CORRECT ANSWERS a condition, not a disease
