AC - HPAT PREP CHEMISTRY PHYSICS
MATH EXAM 2026/2027
UPDATED
The majority of the cell membrane's particular functions are controlled by:
ANSWER proteins.
Alcoholic fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
Phagocytosis is a kind of: ANSWER Endocytosis
What is pyruvate? - ANSWER Pyruvate is a key chemical molecule in
biochemistry. It is the product of glucose metabolism, also known as glycolysis.
One molecule of glucose degrades into two molecules of pyruvate, which are
subsequently used to generate additional energy in one of two ways.
What are the little, spherical bodies within a cell that assemble proteins based on
genetic instructions? - Answer: Ribosomes.
What constitutes the structural and functional units of life? - Answer the cell.
What constitutes a prokaryotic cell? - ANSWER A cell without a genuine nucleus
or membrane-bound organelles.
What is a eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
What is cellular respiration? - ANSWER A catabolic pathway for the synthesis of
ATP that occasionally consumes oxygen as a reactant in conjunction with an
organic fuel. The process can sometimes run without oxygen, but it is less efficient.
,What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER A type of cellular respiration that does
not require oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration? - ANSWER A type of cellular respiration that uses
oxygen to produce energy.
Identify the four forms of transport that allow tiny molecules to cross the cell
membrane: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and passive transport.
Prokaryotes frequently reproduce through: - Binary fission.
What is binary fission? - ANSWER An asexual reproduction process in which the
parent separates into two identical halves.
What is cytokinesis? - ANSWER During the telophase stage of mitosis, the
cytoplasm divides into two identical daughter cells.
What is a haploid cell? - ANSWER A cell with one set of chromosomes.
What is a diploid cell? - ANSWER A cell with two sets of chromosomes
What is chromatin? - ANSWER Eukaryotic chromosomes are constituted primarily
of proteins, DNA, and RNA.
What is a centriole? - ANSWER A cylindrical organelle near the nucleus of animal
cells that occurs in pairs and is involved in the formation of spindle fibers during
cell division.
What is a chromosome? - ANSWER A gene-carrying structure is a linear sequence
present in the nucleus made up of DNA and protein.
, What is DNA? - ANSWER A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that
can replicate and determine the hereditary structure of a cell's proteins. It is found
in the genetic material of most living species and contributes to hereditary traits.
What is RNA? - ANSWER A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used in protein
synthesis. It transports the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized
locations within the cell, where it is translated into protein composition.
What is a nucleotide? - ANSWER: A nucleotide is the fundamental building block
of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers composed of long sequences of
nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA or
deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
What is transcription? - ANSWER Transcription is the process of copying
information from a strand of DNA into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA)......This complex commences transcription, and the RNA polymerase
starts mRNA synthesis by matching complementary nucleotides on the original
DNA strand.
What is translation? - ANSWER Translation is the process of creating a protein
from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Translation takes place in the ribosome, a structure that serves as a factory for
protein production.
What are the definitions of endocytosis and exocytosis? - ANSWER Endocytosis is
the process of catching a chemical or particle from outside the cell by enveloping it
with the cell membrane and transporting it inside. Exocytosis refers to the process
in which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the
outside of the cell.
What is a chromotid? - ANSWER Each of the two threadlike strands that a
chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each has a double helix of
DNA.
MATH EXAM 2026/2027
UPDATED
The majority of the cell membrane's particular functions are controlled by:
ANSWER proteins.
Alcoholic fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
Phagocytosis is a kind of: ANSWER Endocytosis
What is pyruvate? - ANSWER Pyruvate is a key chemical molecule in
biochemistry. It is the product of glucose metabolism, also known as glycolysis.
One molecule of glucose degrades into two molecules of pyruvate, which are
subsequently used to generate additional energy in one of two ways.
What are the little, spherical bodies within a cell that assemble proteins based on
genetic instructions? - Answer: Ribosomes.
What constitutes the structural and functional units of life? - Answer the cell.
What constitutes a prokaryotic cell? - ANSWER A cell without a genuine nucleus
or membrane-bound organelles.
What is a eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
What is cellular respiration? - ANSWER A catabolic pathway for the synthesis of
ATP that occasionally consumes oxygen as a reactant in conjunction with an
organic fuel. The process can sometimes run without oxygen, but it is less efficient.
,What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER A type of cellular respiration that does
not require oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration? - ANSWER A type of cellular respiration that uses
oxygen to produce energy.
Identify the four forms of transport that allow tiny molecules to cross the cell
membrane: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and passive transport.
Prokaryotes frequently reproduce through: - Binary fission.
What is binary fission? - ANSWER An asexual reproduction process in which the
parent separates into two identical halves.
What is cytokinesis? - ANSWER During the telophase stage of mitosis, the
cytoplasm divides into two identical daughter cells.
What is a haploid cell? - ANSWER A cell with one set of chromosomes.
What is a diploid cell? - ANSWER A cell with two sets of chromosomes
What is chromatin? - ANSWER Eukaryotic chromosomes are constituted primarily
of proteins, DNA, and RNA.
What is a centriole? - ANSWER A cylindrical organelle near the nucleus of animal
cells that occurs in pairs and is involved in the formation of spindle fibers during
cell division.
What is a chromosome? - ANSWER A gene-carrying structure is a linear sequence
present in the nucleus made up of DNA and protein.
, What is DNA? - ANSWER A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that
can replicate and determine the hereditary structure of a cell's proteins. It is found
in the genetic material of most living species and contributes to hereditary traits.
What is RNA? - ANSWER A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used in protein
synthesis. It transports the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized
locations within the cell, where it is translated into protein composition.
What is a nucleotide? - ANSWER: A nucleotide is the fundamental building block
of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers composed of long sequences of
nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA or
deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
What is transcription? - ANSWER Transcription is the process of copying
information from a strand of DNA into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA)......This complex commences transcription, and the RNA polymerase
starts mRNA synthesis by matching complementary nucleotides on the original
DNA strand.
What is translation? - ANSWER Translation is the process of creating a protein
from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Translation takes place in the ribosome, a structure that serves as a factory for
protein production.
What are the definitions of endocytosis and exocytosis? - ANSWER Endocytosis is
the process of catching a chemical or particle from outside the cell by enveloping it
with the cell membrane and transporting it inside. Exocytosis refers to the process
in which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the
outside of the cell.
What is a chromotid? - ANSWER Each of the two threadlike strands that a
chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each has a double helix of
DNA.
