NUR 311 - FINAL EXAM (EXAM 4 SLOS - METABOLISM) QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What is diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a group of metabolic diseases characterized by
elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) caused by a defect in insulin secretion, insulin
action, or both
Describe type 1 diabetes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- onset at any age, but usually young (<30)
- formerly juvenile or IDDM
- about 10% of cases
- etiology includes genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors
- viral or autoimmune initiated destruction of beta cells
- abrupt onset
- dependent on exogenous insulin (must take daily to live)
- acute complication of hyperglycemia due to lack of insulin: diabetes ketoacidosis
What are some symptoms of type 1 diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅frequent urination; unusual
thirst; extreme hunger; unusual weight loss; extreme fatigue; irritability; blurred vision
Describe type 2 diabetes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- formerly NIDDM
- usually adult onset, but any age- risk factors are obesity, heredity, and environmental factors
- about 90% of cases
- strong family history/heredity
- slow onset
- extreme insulin resistance, decrease in endogenous insulin
- rare DKA as a side effect of medication
- treatment spectrum of diet, oral meds, and/or insulin
- acute complication of hyperglycemia: hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
,Define metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the processes of biochemical reactions occurring in the
body's cells that are necessary to produce energy, repair, and facilitate the growth of cells, and maintain
life
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅increased thirst and urination,
differing amounts of weight loss, and hunger, recurring infections
What is insulin? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a hormone produced by the pancreas that controls blood
glucose levels by regulating the production, use, and storage of glucose
Where is insulin produced? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas
How does insulin work? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅when a person eats a meal, insulin secretion increases
and moves glucose from the blood into muscle, liver, and fat cells
What is glucagon? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅another hormone in glucose regulation that stimulates the
liver to release stored glucose (glycogen) to increase blood sugar
Where is glucagon produced? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans
True or False: Type 1 diabetes is characterised by the destruction of the alpha cells. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅False; beta cells
In diabetes, fat breakdown occurs, resulting in an increased production of __________, which are
organic acids. If excessive amounts of ketones are present in the blood, ______________ develops. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ketones; ketoacidosis
How is hemoglobin A1c measured? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅as an average glucose level over a period of
approximately 3 months
, Why does DKA not typically occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅because there is
usually enough insulin present to prevent the breakdown of fat and the accompanying production of
ketones
Severe hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes may lead to... - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅hyperglycemic
hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
What are some ways to diagnose diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- fasting plasma glucose >126
mg/dl (take first thing in the morning)
- casual plasma glucose >200 mg/dl (taken at any time of day)
- oral glucose tolerance test >200 mg/dl (after 2 hours)
- hemoglobin A1C >6.5%
What is a normal A1C? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅below 5.7%
What is a normal fasting blood sugar? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅99
What are some risk factors for diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- family history
- obesity
- ethnicity
- age 45 years or older
- previously identified impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose
- hypertension
- HDL cholesterol level <35
- history of gestational diabetes or delivery of babies over 9 lbs
What are some general symptoms of diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- weight loss
ANSWERS
What is diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a group of metabolic diseases characterized by
elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) caused by a defect in insulin secretion, insulin
action, or both
Describe type 1 diabetes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- onset at any age, but usually young (<30)
- formerly juvenile or IDDM
- about 10% of cases
- etiology includes genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors
- viral or autoimmune initiated destruction of beta cells
- abrupt onset
- dependent on exogenous insulin (must take daily to live)
- acute complication of hyperglycemia due to lack of insulin: diabetes ketoacidosis
What are some symptoms of type 1 diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅frequent urination; unusual
thirst; extreme hunger; unusual weight loss; extreme fatigue; irritability; blurred vision
Describe type 2 diabetes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- formerly NIDDM
- usually adult onset, but any age- risk factors are obesity, heredity, and environmental factors
- about 90% of cases
- strong family history/heredity
- slow onset
- extreme insulin resistance, decrease in endogenous insulin
- rare DKA as a side effect of medication
- treatment spectrum of diet, oral meds, and/or insulin
- acute complication of hyperglycemia: hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
,Define metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the processes of biochemical reactions occurring in the
body's cells that are necessary to produce energy, repair, and facilitate the growth of cells, and maintain
life
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅increased thirst and urination,
differing amounts of weight loss, and hunger, recurring infections
What is insulin? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a hormone produced by the pancreas that controls blood
glucose levels by regulating the production, use, and storage of glucose
Where is insulin produced? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas
How does insulin work? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅when a person eats a meal, insulin secretion increases
and moves glucose from the blood into muscle, liver, and fat cells
What is glucagon? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅another hormone in glucose regulation that stimulates the
liver to release stored glucose (glycogen) to increase blood sugar
Where is glucagon produced? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans
True or False: Type 1 diabetes is characterised by the destruction of the alpha cells. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅False; beta cells
In diabetes, fat breakdown occurs, resulting in an increased production of __________, which are
organic acids. If excessive amounts of ketones are present in the blood, ______________ develops. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ketones; ketoacidosis
How is hemoglobin A1c measured? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅as an average glucose level over a period of
approximately 3 months
, Why does DKA not typically occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅because there is
usually enough insulin present to prevent the breakdown of fat and the accompanying production of
ketones
Severe hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes may lead to... - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅hyperglycemic
hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
What are some ways to diagnose diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- fasting plasma glucose >126
mg/dl (take first thing in the morning)
- casual plasma glucose >200 mg/dl (taken at any time of day)
- oral glucose tolerance test >200 mg/dl (after 2 hours)
- hemoglobin A1C >6.5%
What is a normal A1C? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅below 5.7%
What is a normal fasting blood sugar? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅99
What are some risk factors for diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- family history
- obesity
- ethnicity
- age 45 years or older
- previously identified impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose
- hypertension
- HDL cholesterol level <35
- history of gestational diabetes or delivery of babies over 9 lbs
What are some general symptoms of diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- weight loss
