ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR
EMERGENCY CARE ACTUAL EXAM 2026
STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉ Skeleton. Answer: Consists of skull and spine, ribs and sternum,
shoulders and upper extremities, and pelvis and lower extremities.
◉ Skull. Answer: Bony structure of the head; Function to enclose,
protect brain.
◉ Cranium. Answer: Top, back, and sides of the skull.
◉ Face. Answer: Front of the skull.
◉ Mandible. Answer: Lower jaw bone.
◉ Maxillae. Answer: Upper jaw bones.
◉ Nasal bones. Answer: Bones forming the bridge of the nose.
◉ Orbits. Answer: Eye sockets.
,◉ Zygomatic arches. Answer: Cheekbones.
◉ Spinal column. Answer: 33 vertebrae that encase the spinal cord;
essential for movement, sensation, and vital functions.
◉ Thorax. Answer: 12 ribs and sternum; Protects the heart, lungs,
and major blood vessels.
◉ Pelvis. Answer: Consists of ilium, ischium, pubis; includes hip joint
and acetabulum.
◉ Lower extremities. Answer: Includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
ankle, lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, tarsals.
◉ Foot. Answer: Includes metatarsals, calcaneus, heel, phalanges.
◉ Upper extremities. Answer: Includes clavicle, scapula, acromion
process, acromioclavicular joint, humerus, radius, ulna.
◉ Wrist. Answer: Includes carpals.
◉ Hand. Answer: Includes metacarpals; phalanges are finger bones.
, ◉ Joints. Answer: Formed when bones connect to other bones; Two
types of joints: Ball-and-socket, Hinge.
◉ Muscles. Answer: Three types: Voluntary (skeletal), Involuntary
(smooth), Cardiac.
◉ Automaticity. Answer: Heart's ability to generate and conduct its
own electrical impulses.
◉ Inhalation. Answer: Active process where diaphragm and
intercostal muscles contract; diaphragm moves downward and ribs
move upward and outward.
◉ Exhalation. Answer: Passive process where diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax; positive pressure pushes air out of lungs.
◉ Ventilation. Answer: Movement of gases to and from alveoli.
◉ Respiration. Answer: Exchange of gases between cells and
bloodstream.
◉ Oxygenated blood. Answer: Carried from the lungs to the heart,
then pumped to the rest of the body; at the cellular level, oxygen
(O2) is exchanged with cells for waste carbon dioxide (CO2).
EMERGENCY CARE ACTUAL EXAM 2026
STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉ Skeleton. Answer: Consists of skull and spine, ribs and sternum,
shoulders and upper extremities, and pelvis and lower extremities.
◉ Skull. Answer: Bony structure of the head; Function to enclose,
protect brain.
◉ Cranium. Answer: Top, back, and sides of the skull.
◉ Face. Answer: Front of the skull.
◉ Mandible. Answer: Lower jaw bone.
◉ Maxillae. Answer: Upper jaw bones.
◉ Nasal bones. Answer: Bones forming the bridge of the nose.
◉ Orbits. Answer: Eye sockets.
,◉ Zygomatic arches. Answer: Cheekbones.
◉ Spinal column. Answer: 33 vertebrae that encase the spinal cord;
essential for movement, sensation, and vital functions.
◉ Thorax. Answer: 12 ribs and sternum; Protects the heart, lungs,
and major blood vessels.
◉ Pelvis. Answer: Consists of ilium, ischium, pubis; includes hip joint
and acetabulum.
◉ Lower extremities. Answer: Includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
ankle, lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, tarsals.
◉ Foot. Answer: Includes metatarsals, calcaneus, heel, phalanges.
◉ Upper extremities. Answer: Includes clavicle, scapula, acromion
process, acromioclavicular joint, humerus, radius, ulna.
◉ Wrist. Answer: Includes carpals.
◉ Hand. Answer: Includes metacarpals; phalanges are finger bones.
, ◉ Joints. Answer: Formed when bones connect to other bones; Two
types of joints: Ball-and-socket, Hinge.
◉ Muscles. Answer: Three types: Voluntary (skeletal), Involuntary
(smooth), Cardiac.
◉ Automaticity. Answer: Heart's ability to generate and conduct its
own electrical impulses.
◉ Inhalation. Answer: Active process where diaphragm and
intercostal muscles contract; diaphragm moves downward and ribs
move upward and outward.
◉ Exhalation. Answer: Passive process where diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax; positive pressure pushes air out of lungs.
◉ Ventilation. Answer: Movement of gases to and from alveoli.
◉ Respiration. Answer: Exchange of gases between cells and
bloodstream.
◉ Oxygenated blood. Answer: Carried from the lungs to the heart,
then pumped to the rest of the body; at the cellular level, oxygen
(O2) is exchanged with cells for waste carbon dioxide (CO2).
