CAMPBELL BIOLOGY CONCEPTS AND
CONNECTIONS EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE EXAM Q AND A GRADED A+
◉ Anaphase. Answer: Centromeres split, each chromatid has its own
distinct centromere
chromatids separate-via shortening of the kinetochore fibers.
◉ Anaphase I. Answer: Disjunction - each chromosome of paternal
origin separates from its homologue of maternal origin (either
chromosome can end up in either daughter cell).
The separating of the two homologous chromosomes is referred to
as segregation.
This explains mendels law of segregation
◉ Anaphase II. Answer: Centromeres divide,
sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
◉ Carriers. Answer: females with a disease-causing X allele that do
not exhibit the disease.
◉ Cell Cycle. Answer: A series of specific phases in which the cell
grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.
,◉ Chromatin. Answer: less Condensed form of chromosomes during
interphase. Makes DNA available to RNA polymerase for
transcription.
◉ Corona Radiata. Answer: Lies outside of the zona pellucida. Is a
layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation. Meiosis II
is triggered when a sperm penetrates the corona radiata and zona
pellucida via acrosomal enzymes.
◉ Crossing Over. Answer: homologous chromosomes break at
synapsis, (called chiasma)
pieces of DNA are exchanged = recombination of genes.
Genetic diversity!
◉ Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases. Answer: Molecules
responsible for the cell cycle, via fluctuating levels of cyclin. Cyclins
bind CDK to activate them —> activated CDK-cyclin complex
phosphorylates transcription factors.
These then promise transcription of genes required for the next
stage of the cell cycle.
◉ Cytokinesis. Answer: Separation of the cytoplasm/organelles ->
daughter survive on own
,◉ Diploid. Answer: (2n) contain two copies of each chromosome, 46
◉ Ejaculation. Answer:
◉ roles of NS?. Answer: When penis is flaccid, norepinephrine from
Sympathetic NS is present.
When sexual stimulation is present, the Parasympathetic NS causes
release of NO which causes Corpora Cavernosa/Spongiosum in penis
to fill with blood=erection
Ejaculation meatus=contraction of muscle to expel sperm. The SNS
is stimulated and norepinephrine is released which causes
contraction and release of semen into urethra of penis. Sympathetic
NS causes ejaculation, PNS causes erection!!
◉ Female Sexual Development. Answer: Ovaries are also under FSH
and LH control. They produce estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogens are secreted in response to FSH
—> the making/maintenance of reproductive system and secondary
sex characteristics. In embryo, they develop the repro. tract. In
adults, E initially thickens the uterine lining (endometrium).
, Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum (remnant follicle that
remains after ovulation) in response to LH. Involved in development
and maintenance of the endometrium. End of 1st trimester, it's
supplied by placenta.
◉ Fertilization. Answer: Sperm cell penetrates the layers with
acrosomal enzymes, triggering meiosis II. This indicates another
meiotic division creating the mature ovum and another polar body.
◉ Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Answer: In males, it triggers sperm
maturation via Sertoli cell stimulation.
In females, FSH causes estrogen to be produced
◉ Follicular Phase. Answer: Begins when menstrual flow, shedding
of the uterine lining, begins.
GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus increases in response to
decreased estrogen and progesterone.
Both FSH and LH increase in secretion —> development of follicles
occurs
—> follicles produce estrogen, which (negative feedback) causes the
decline of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
Estrogen regrows the ENDOMETRIAL LINING, vascularizing and
glandularizing the decidua (uterine lining forming maternal part of
placenta).
CONNECTIONS EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE EXAM Q AND A GRADED A+
◉ Anaphase. Answer: Centromeres split, each chromatid has its own
distinct centromere
chromatids separate-via shortening of the kinetochore fibers.
◉ Anaphase I. Answer: Disjunction - each chromosome of paternal
origin separates from its homologue of maternal origin (either
chromosome can end up in either daughter cell).
The separating of the two homologous chromosomes is referred to
as segregation.
This explains mendels law of segregation
◉ Anaphase II. Answer: Centromeres divide,
sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
◉ Carriers. Answer: females with a disease-causing X allele that do
not exhibit the disease.
◉ Cell Cycle. Answer: A series of specific phases in which the cell
grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.
,◉ Chromatin. Answer: less Condensed form of chromosomes during
interphase. Makes DNA available to RNA polymerase for
transcription.
◉ Corona Radiata. Answer: Lies outside of the zona pellucida. Is a
layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation. Meiosis II
is triggered when a sperm penetrates the corona radiata and zona
pellucida via acrosomal enzymes.
◉ Crossing Over. Answer: homologous chromosomes break at
synapsis, (called chiasma)
pieces of DNA are exchanged = recombination of genes.
Genetic diversity!
◉ Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases. Answer: Molecules
responsible for the cell cycle, via fluctuating levels of cyclin. Cyclins
bind CDK to activate them —> activated CDK-cyclin complex
phosphorylates transcription factors.
These then promise transcription of genes required for the next
stage of the cell cycle.
◉ Cytokinesis. Answer: Separation of the cytoplasm/organelles ->
daughter survive on own
,◉ Diploid. Answer: (2n) contain two copies of each chromosome, 46
◉ Ejaculation. Answer:
◉ roles of NS?. Answer: When penis is flaccid, norepinephrine from
Sympathetic NS is present.
When sexual stimulation is present, the Parasympathetic NS causes
release of NO which causes Corpora Cavernosa/Spongiosum in penis
to fill with blood=erection
Ejaculation meatus=contraction of muscle to expel sperm. The SNS
is stimulated and norepinephrine is released which causes
contraction and release of semen into urethra of penis. Sympathetic
NS causes ejaculation, PNS causes erection!!
◉ Female Sexual Development. Answer: Ovaries are also under FSH
and LH control. They produce estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogens are secreted in response to FSH
—> the making/maintenance of reproductive system and secondary
sex characteristics. In embryo, they develop the repro. tract. In
adults, E initially thickens the uterine lining (endometrium).
, Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum (remnant follicle that
remains after ovulation) in response to LH. Involved in development
and maintenance of the endometrium. End of 1st trimester, it's
supplied by placenta.
◉ Fertilization. Answer: Sperm cell penetrates the layers with
acrosomal enzymes, triggering meiosis II. This indicates another
meiotic division creating the mature ovum and another polar body.
◉ Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Answer: In males, it triggers sperm
maturation via Sertoli cell stimulation.
In females, FSH causes estrogen to be produced
◉ Follicular Phase. Answer: Begins when menstrual flow, shedding
of the uterine lining, begins.
GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus increases in response to
decreased estrogen and progesterone.
Both FSH and LH increase in secretion —> development of follicles
occurs
—> follicles produce estrogen, which (negative feedback) causes the
decline of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
Estrogen regrows the ENDOMETRIAL LINING, vascularizing and
glandularizing the decidua (uterine lining forming maternal part of
placenta).
