Sociology 100 Final Exam Question
and answers 100% correct 2025/2026
Deviance - correct answer ✔a behavior violating the norms of standards of a group, society, or one's
peers
social constructionism of deviance - correct answer ✔each society or culture creates rules of behavior
by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - correct answer ✔developed by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach to
understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by emphasizing the importance of
cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student, innovation: drug dealer, ritualism: business men,
retreatism: hippies, rebellion: Malcom X (are legitimate means of reaching goals equally available? no,
so some groups will use illegitimate means to reach them)
Conflict Theory - correct answer ✔theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states when
social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - correct answer ✔theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states that
those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4 bonds: attachment, commitment,
involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - correct answer ✔theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states that any
act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - correct answer ✔the structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the distribution of
wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social statuses)
How Americans view stratification - correct answer ✔Underestimated inequality, inequality has
increased in the last 30 years
, traditional class system - correct answer ✔ascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - correct answer ✔achieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - correct answer ✔huge inequality in income, but even more in
wealth, the rate of growth has changed
Marx - correct answer ✔Which sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes: proletariat and
bourgeoisie?
Wright - correct answer ✔Which sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes: capitalists, petty
bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
Gilbert and Kahl - correct answer ✔Which sociologist(s) believed that there were six classes: capitalist
class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and underclass?
horizontal mobility - correct answer ✔individuals change roles but experience no change in social
standing
vertical mobility - correct answer ✔significant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - correct answer ✔children's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - correct answer ✔mobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - correct answer ✔mobility resulting from a change in the occupations structure of
stratification system, rather than individual achievement
and answers 100% correct 2025/2026
Deviance - correct answer ✔a behavior violating the norms of standards of a group, society, or one's
peers
social constructionism of deviance - correct answer ✔each society or culture creates rules of behavior
by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - correct answer ✔developed by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach to
understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by emphasizing the importance of
cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student, innovation: drug dealer, ritualism: business men,
retreatism: hippies, rebellion: Malcom X (are legitimate means of reaching goals equally available? no,
so some groups will use illegitimate means to reach them)
Conflict Theory - correct answer ✔theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states when
social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - correct answer ✔theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states that
those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4 bonds: attachment, commitment,
involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - correct answer ✔theoretical approach to understanding deviance that states that any
act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - correct answer ✔the structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the distribution of
wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social statuses)
How Americans view stratification - correct answer ✔Underestimated inequality, inequality has
increased in the last 30 years
, traditional class system - correct answer ✔ascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - correct answer ✔achieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - correct answer ✔huge inequality in income, but even more in
wealth, the rate of growth has changed
Marx - correct answer ✔Which sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes: proletariat and
bourgeoisie?
Wright - correct answer ✔Which sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes: capitalists, petty
bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
Gilbert and Kahl - correct answer ✔Which sociologist(s) believed that there were six classes: capitalist
class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and underclass?
horizontal mobility - correct answer ✔individuals change roles but experience no change in social
standing
vertical mobility - correct answer ✔significant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - correct answer ✔children's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - correct answer ✔mobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - correct answer ✔mobility resulting from a change in the occupations structure of
stratification system, rather than individual achievement
