Saturday, 24. October 2020
Psychology
History of psychology
Mid-19th century; history of modern psychology, although the roots begin in
ancient Greece
WHEN WHO WHAT DID WHERE
~18th century Philosophers John Precursors to England, Scotland
Locke & Thomas Reid American psychology
- empiricism
19th century Hermann von Measured the speed of Germany
Helmholtz the neural impulse;
physiology of hearing
and vision
19th century Ernst Weber & Gustav Psychophysics - Germany
Fechner measuring the
relationship between
physical stimuli and
human perception
1875/1879 Wilhelm Wundt Joined the faculty at Germany
the University of
Leipzig; opening of
Wundt’s lab
1904 Edward Bradford “Structuralism” - what America
Titchener the mind is; Society of
Experimental
Psychologists
1890 William James Principles of America
Psychology -
consciousness help us
adapt to our
environment
1905 Mary Whiton Calkins First woman elected America
president of the
American
Psychological
Association
1883/1887/1892/1909 G. Stanley Hall Founded the rst America
psychological
laboratory in America,
created the rst journal
of psychology in
America, founded APA,
invited & hosted Freud
at Clark University -
child development
1
fi fi
, Saturday, 24. October 2020
WHEN WHO WHAT DID WHERE
(1860-1944) James McKeen Cattell Assessment of America
individual di erences
20th century Max Wertheimer +Kurt Began the Gestalt Germany
(beginning) Ko ka, Wolfgang movement - “the
Kohler, Kurt Lewin whole is greater than
the sum of parts”,
precursors to the rise
of cognitive
psychology in America
20th century John B. Watson, B.F. In uencers of early America
Skinner, Ivan Pavlov behaviourism -
learning & behaviour
were controlled by
events in the
environment, could be
explained with no
reference to mind or
consciousness
1930s Frederic C. Bartlett Explored the idea of England
the constructive mind,
using past experiences
to understand new
1950s Jerome Bruner “Flashbulb memory”, America
tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon;
cognition
1956 George Miller Working memory 7+-2; America
cognition
~19th century Alfred Binet Developed modern France - later to
intelligence tests; America
Henry Goddard
introduced them in US;
standardised by Lewis
Terman
~19th century Hugo Munsterberg Employee selection, American-German
eyewitness testimony,
psychotherapy
~20th century Walter D. Scott, Harry Psychology of America
Hollingworth advertising and
marketing
~20th century Lillian Gilbreth Psychology of America
e ciency
1896 Lightner Witmer Study of sensation & America
perception; founder of
both clinical and
school psychology
2
ffiflff ff
, Saturday, 24. October 2020
1930s - founding of AAAP aka American Association for Applied Psychology,
served those in education, industry, consulting and clinical work
1949 - Convening of the Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical
Psychology. This meeting launched doctoral training in psychology, gave us
scientist-practitioner model of training
1936 - founding of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues aka
SPSSI
Helen Thompson Woolley & Leta S. Hollingworth - pioneers in research on the
psychology of sex differences
Mamie Phipps Clark, Kenneth Clark - studied the psychology of race and
demonstrated the ways in which school segregation negatively impacted the self-
esteem of African American children. 1968 - the creation of the Association of
Black Psychologists (ABPsi)
1957 - Evelyn Hooker de-pathologizing homosexuality
Research Designs
Two types of research: experimental and correlational research
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Two variables (muutuja): dependent and independent. The independent variable
is the one under the experimenter’s control, or the variable that is intentionally
altered between groups. The dependent variable is the variable that is not
manipulated at all, or the one where the e ect happens. The dependent variable
“depends” on what happens to the independent variable. For example:
experiment, where money - independent; happiness - dependent
Random assignment! The distribution of the factors will generally be consistent
across the groups
Avoid introducing confounds into experiments. These undermine your ability to
draw causal inferences. May cause the placebo e ect (when receiving special
treatment or something new a ects human behaviour) or participant demand
(participants try to behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to
behave)
Experimenter expectations can also in uence the outcome of the study
How to prevent confounds? Use a double-blind procedure - neither the
participant or the experimenter knows, which condition the participant is in
CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS
3
ff fl ff ff
, Saturday, 24. October 2020
Correlational research - scientists passively observe and measure phenomena;
they identify patterns of relationships, but
can’t interfere what causes what. Can
only examine two variables at a time
Scatterplot helps to nd out, how well
two variables correspond, on this we can
plot the relation between the two scores.
Each dot resembles a data point - each
dot provides us with two pieces of
information. Can be summarised
statistically using the correlation
coe cient. This provides information
about the direction and strength of the
association between two variables
Problems with correlation: from a correlation alone, we can’t be certain; there may
be a third variable. Correlation does not mean causation
QUALITATIVE DESIGNS
Qualitative design methodologies include participant observation, case studies,
narrative analysis et cetera. Di erent observations involve the researcher
embedding him-herself into a group
4
ffi fi ff
Psychology
History of psychology
Mid-19th century; history of modern psychology, although the roots begin in
ancient Greece
WHEN WHO WHAT DID WHERE
~18th century Philosophers John Precursors to England, Scotland
Locke & Thomas Reid American psychology
- empiricism
19th century Hermann von Measured the speed of Germany
Helmholtz the neural impulse;
physiology of hearing
and vision
19th century Ernst Weber & Gustav Psychophysics - Germany
Fechner measuring the
relationship between
physical stimuli and
human perception
1875/1879 Wilhelm Wundt Joined the faculty at Germany
the University of
Leipzig; opening of
Wundt’s lab
1904 Edward Bradford “Structuralism” - what America
Titchener the mind is; Society of
Experimental
Psychologists
1890 William James Principles of America
Psychology -
consciousness help us
adapt to our
environment
1905 Mary Whiton Calkins First woman elected America
president of the
American
Psychological
Association
1883/1887/1892/1909 G. Stanley Hall Founded the rst America
psychological
laboratory in America,
created the rst journal
of psychology in
America, founded APA,
invited & hosted Freud
at Clark University -
child development
1
fi fi
, Saturday, 24. October 2020
WHEN WHO WHAT DID WHERE
(1860-1944) James McKeen Cattell Assessment of America
individual di erences
20th century Max Wertheimer +Kurt Began the Gestalt Germany
(beginning) Ko ka, Wolfgang movement - “the
Kohler, Kurt Lewin whole is greater than
the sum of parts”,
precursors to the rise
of cognitive
psychology in America
20th century John B. Watson, B.F. In uencers of early America
Skinner, Ivan Pavlov behaviourism -
learning & behaviour
were controlled by
events in the
environment, could be
explained with no
reference to mind or
consciousness
1930s Frederic C. Bartlett Explored the idea of England
the constructive mind,
using past experiences
to understand new
1950s Jerome Bruner “Flashbulb memory”, America
tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon;
cognition
1956 George Miller Working memory 7+-2; America
cognition
~19th century Alfred Binet Developed modern France - later to
intelligence tests; America
Henry Goddard
introduced them in US;
standardised by Lewis
Terman
~19th century Hugo Munsterberg Employee selection, American-German
eyewitness testimony,
psychotherapy
~20th century Walter D. Scott, Harry Psychology of America
Hollingworth advertising and
marketing
~20th century Lillian Gilbreth Psychology of America
e ciency
1896 Lightner Witmer Study of sensation & America
perception; founder of
both clinical and
school psychology
2
ffiflff ff
, Saturday, 24. October 2020
1930s - founding of AAAP aka American Association for Applied Psychology,
served those in education, industry, consulting and clinical work
1949 - Convening of the Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical
Psychology. This meeting launched doctoral training in psychology, gave us
scientist-practitioner model of training
1936 - founding of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues aka
SPSSI
Helen Thompson Woolley & Leta S. Hollingworth - pioneers in research on the
psychology of sex differences
Mamie Phipps Clark, Kenneth Clark - studied the psychology of race and
demonstrated the ways in which school segregation negatively impacted the self-
esteem of African American children. 1968 - the creation of the Association of
Black Psychologists (ABPsi)
1957 - Evelyn Hooker de-pathologizing homosexuality
Research Designs
Two types of research: experimental and correlational research
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Two variables (muutuja): dependent and independent. The independent variable
is the one under the experimenter’s control, or the variable that is intentionally
altered between groups. The dependent variable is the variable that is not
manipulated at all, or the one where the e ect happens. The dependent variable
“depends” on what happens to the independent variable. For example:
experiment, where money - independent; happiness - dependent
Random assignment! The distribution of the factors will generally be consistent
across the groups
Avoid introducing confounds into experiments. These undermine your ability to
draw causal inferences. May cause the placebo e ect (when receiving special
treatment or something new a ects human behaviour) or participant demand
(participants try to behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to
behave)
Experimenter expectations can also in uence the outcome of the study
How to prevent confounds? Use a double-blind procedure - neither the
participant or the experimenter knows, which condition the participant is in
CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS
3
ff fl ff ff
, Saturday, 24. October 2020
Correlational research - scientists passively observe and measure phenomena;
they identify patterns of relationships, but
can’t interfere what causes what. Can
only examine two variables at a time
Scatterplot helps to nd out, how well
two variables correspond, on this we can
plot the relation between the two scores.
Each dot resembles a data point - each
dot provides us with two pieces of
information. Can be summarised
statistically using the correlation
coe cient. This provides information
about the direction and strength of the
association between two variables
Problems with correlation: from a correlation alone, we can’t be certain; there may
be a third variable. Correlation does not mean causation
QUALITATIVE DESIGNS
Qualitative design methodologies include participant observation, case studies,
narrative analysis et cetera. Di erent observations involve the researcher
embedding him-herself into a group
4
ffi fi ff
