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BIOL 1107
Exam 4: BIOL 1107- Principles of Biology I (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Review| 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A.
1. genetics: the study of heredity
2. Johann Gegor Mendel: ____ _______ ______ set the framework for genetics long
before chromosomes or genes had been identified, at a time when meiosis was not
well understood; revealed the fundamental principles of hereditary
3. genes: carried on chromosomes; basic functional units of heredity with the capability
to be replicated, expressed, or mutated
4. model system: system with convenient characteristics used to study a specific
biological phenomenon to be applied to other systems
5. independently; dominant; recessive: Traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
_________ of other traits and in _________ and __________ patterns
6. blending theory of inheritance: asserted that the original parental traits were lost or
absorbed by the blending in the offspring
7. continuous variation: results from the action of many genes to determine a
characteristic; a "blend" of their parents' traits
BIOL 1107
,BIOL 1107
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8. discontinuous variation: the variation in phenotypic traits in which types are grouped
into discrete categories with few or no intermediate phenotypes.
9. garden pea: Pisum sativum; used to study inheritance
10. hybridizations: involve mating two true-breeding individuals that have different
traits
11. P0: parental generation one; first gen crosses
12. trait: A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its
genes.
13. 100: Mendel found that _____ percent of the F1 hybrid generation had violet
flowers.
14. F2; 3:1: ___ generation plants had 705 violet flowers and 224 white flowers after
self-fertilizing. The ratio was approximately __:__.
15. reciprocal cross: a paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and
female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other
cross
16. F1; F2: For the six characteristics Mendel examined, the __ and __ generations
behaved in the same way they had for flower color.
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17. flower color, flower position, plant height, seed texture, seed color, pea pod
texture, and pea pod color: the 6 traits Mendel observed in the flowers
18. dominant traits: inherited unchanged in a hybridization
19. recessive traits: become latent or disappear in the offspring of hybridization and
reappear in the progeny of the hybrid offspring
20 probabilities: mathematical measures of likelihood
21. empirical probability: calculated by dividing the number of times the even occurs
by total number of opportunities for the event to occur
22. theoretical probability: calculated by dividing the number of times that an even is
expected to occur by the number of times that it could occur
23. empirical; theoretical: _________ probabilities come from observations, like those
of Mendel. __________ probabilities come from knowing how the events are produced
and assuming that the probabilities of individual outcomes are equal.
24. characteristics: Mendel demonstrated that pea plants transmit _____________ as
discrete units from parent to offspring.
25. product rule: States that the probability of two independent events occurring
simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities (calculated by multiplying
the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone) 26. sum rule: when
BIOL 1107
BIOL 1107
Exam 4: BIOL 1107- Principles of Biology I (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Review| 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A.
1. genetics: the study of heredity
2. Johann Gegor Mendel: ____ _______ ______ set the framework for genetics long
before chromosomes or genes had been identified, at a time when meiosis was not
well understood; revealed the fundamental principles of hereditary
3. genes: carried on chromosomes; basic functional units of heredity with the capability
to be replicated, expressed, or mutated
4. model system: system with convenient characteristics used to study a specific
biological phenomenon to be applied to other systems
5. independently; dominant; recessive: Traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
_________ of other traits and in _________ and __________ patterns
6. blending theory of inheritance: asserted that the original parental traits were lost or
absorbed by the blending in the offspring
7. continuous variation: results from the action of many genes to determine a
characteristic; a "blend" of their parents' traits
BIOL 1107
,BIOL 1107
2
8. discontinuous variation: the variation in phenotypic traits in which types are grouped
into discrete categories with few or no intermediate phenotypes.
9. garden pea: Pisum sativum; used to study inheritance
10. hybridizations: involve mating two true-breeding individuals that have different
traits
11. P0: parental generation one; first gen crosses
12. trait: A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its
genes.
13. 100: Mendel found that _____ percent of the F1 hybrid generation had violet
flowers.
14. F2; 3:1: ___ generation plants had 705 violet flowers and 224 white flowers after
self-fertilizing. The ratio was approximately __:__.
15. reciprocal cross: a paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and
female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other
cross
16. F1; F2: For the six characteristics Mendel examined, the __ and __ generations
behaved in the same way they had for flower color.
BIOL 1107
, BIOL 1107
3
17. flower color, flower position, plant height, seed texture, seed color, pea pod
texture, and pea pod color: the 6 traits Mendel observed in the flowers
18. dominant traits: inherited unchanged in a hybridization
19. recessive traits: become latent or disappear in the offspring of hybridization and
reappear in the progeny of the hybrid offspring
20 probabilities: mathematical measures of likelihood
21. empirical probability: calculated by dividing the number of times the even occurs
by total number of opportunities for the event to occur
22. theoretical probability: calculated by dividing the number of times that an even is
expected to occur by the number of times that it could occur
23. empirical; theoretical: _________ probabilities come from observations, like those
of Mendel. __________ probabilities come from knowing how the events are produced
and assuming that the probabilities of individual outcomes are equal.
24. characteristics: Mendel demonstrated that pea plants transmit _____________ as
discrete units from parent to offspring.
25. product rule: States that the probability of two independent events occurring
simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities (calculated by multiplying
the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone) 26. sum rule: when
BIOL 1107
