MICB 212 MIDTERM 2 PAPER ACTUAL EXAM
EXAM STUDY SHEET 2026 GRADED A+.
⩥ Active immunity. Answer: - the individual's immune system is
producing effector cells and memory cells (can be acquired naturally
by exposure or artificially by vaccine)
⩥ Passive immunity. Answer: - transfer of pre-formed antibodies from
an immune donor to a non-immune recipient (provides immediate, but
temporary immunity)
* no memory responses are developed
⩥ Describe effects of vaccines. Answer: - induce production of
antibody that recognizes structures on the pathogen that is involved in
binding to host cell
- vaccines allows for a primary response to the pathogen without
getting sick
- if the person is later exposed to the infectious form of the pathogen.
memory T helper cells and B cells mount the secondary responses
⩥ Describe some diagnostic uses of antibodies. Answer: - detection of
pathogens in patient samples
- detection of antibodies in blood that indicate exposure to an antigen
- detection and measurement of hormone levels
- analysis of blood cells and immune cells
,⩥ Polyclonal antisera. Answer: polyclonal antisera is the mixture of
antibodies purified from the serum
- multiple targets
⩥ Describe how polyclonal antisera is obtained. Answer: - an animal
can be immunized with an antigen and antibodies can be isolated from
the animal's serum
- serum: liquid portion of blood after blood has been allowed to clot
⩥ Monoclonal antibodies. Answer: - process of producing a
monoclonal antibody begins with repeatedly immunizing a mouse
with an antigen to get a good secondary response
- after removal of the mouse's spleen, the plasma cells are
immortalized by fusing them with a type of myeloma cell
- one target
⩥ Myeloma cell. Answer: - plasma cell tumour, but has lost its abilty
to produce its own antibodies
⩥ How are B cells and myeloma cells fused together and what is the
result?. Answer: - fused together using polyethylene glycol to create a
hybridoma
⩥ Hybridoma. Answer: - cell with characteristics of a B cell and a
myeloma
- can grow and divide indefinitely in tissue culture dishes
, ⩥ How do you obtain clones of the hybridoma that is making
antibody to the desired epitope?. Answer: - a single cell is placed in
each well of a 96 well tissue culture plate
- allowed to grow and divide
- hybridomas producing antibody of desired epitope are selected
⩥ ELISA. Answer: - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- method for detecting presence of antibodies or antigens in fluids and
determining their concentrations
⩥ Describe the process of testing for presence of antibody via ELISA.
Answer: 1. coat ELISA plate with antigen of interest
2. small amount of culture medium from hybridoma is added to the
wells
3. after incubation, ELISA plate is washed
- antibodies that bound to an epitope on the antigen stay bound to the
well
4. a secondary antibody (anti-antibodies) are covalently linked to an
enzyme that allows for detection of antibodies bound to antigen in the
well
- enzyme linked to the secondary antibodies turn a colourless
substrate into a coloured product
5. secondary antibodies are added to the wells and are incubated
6. plate is rinsed and washed
EXAM STUDY SHEET 2026 GRADED A+.
⩥ Active immunity. Answer: - the individual's immune system is
producing effector cells and memory cells (can be acquired naturally
by exposure or artificially by vaccine)
⩥ Passive immunity. Answer: - transfer of pre-formed antibodies from
an immune donor to a non-immune recipient (provides immediate, but
temporary immunity)
* no memory responses are developed
⩥ Describe effects of vaccines. Answer: - induce production of
antibody that recognizes structures on the pathogen that is involved in
binding to host cell
- vaccines allows for a primary response to the pathogen without
getting sick
- if the person is later exposed to the infectious form of the pathogen.
memory T helper cells and B cells mount the secondary responses
⩥ Describe some diagnostic uses of antibodies. Answer: - detection of
pathogens in patient samples
- detection of antibodies in blood that indicate exposure to an antigen
- detection and measurement of hormone levels
- analysis of blood cells and immune cells
,⩥ Polyclonal antisera. Answer: polyclonal antisera is the mixture of
antibodies purified from the serum
- multiple targets
⩥ Describe how polyclonal antisera is obtained. Answer: - an animal
can be immunized with an antigen and antibodies can be isolated from
the animal's serum
- serum: liquid portion of blood after blood has been allowed to clot
⩥ Monoclonal antibodies. Answer: - process of producing a
monoclonal antibody begins with repeatedly immunizing a mouse
with an antigen to get a good secondary response
- after removal of the mouse's spleen, the plasma cells are
immortalized by fusing them with a type of myeloma cell
- one target
⩥ Myeloma cell. Answer: - plasma cell tumour, but has lost its abilty
to produce its own antibodies
⩥ How are B cells and myeloma cells fused together and what is the
result?. Answer: - fused together using polyethylene glycol to create a
hybridoma
⩥ Hybridoma. Answer: - cell with characteristics of a B cell and a
myeloma
- can grow and divide indefinitely in tissue culture dishes
, ⩥ How do you obtain clones of the hybridoma that is making
antibody to the desired epitope?. Answer: - a single cell is placed in
each well of a 96 well tissue culture plate
- allowed to grow and divide
- hybridomas producing antibody of desired epitope are selected
⩥ ELISA. Answer: - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- method for detecting presence of antibodies or antigens in fluids and
determining their concentrations
⩥ Describe the process of testing for presence of antibody via ELISA.
Answer: 1. coat ELISA plate with antigen of interest
2. small amount of culture medium from hybridoma is added to the
wells
3. after incubation, ELISA plate is washed
- antibodies that bound to an epitope on the antigen stay bound to the
well
4. a secondary antibody (anti-antibodies) are covalently linked to an
enzyme that allows for detection of antibodies bound to antigen in the
well
- enzyme linked to the secondary antibodies turn a colourless
substrate into a coloured product
5. secondary antibodies are added to the wells and are incubated
6. plate is rinsed and washed
