COGSCI180 MIDTERM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Dissociation0from0the0Self0-0ans✔Dissociation/
dissociative0disorders0often0linked0to0trauma
During0traumatic0experiences,0intense0desire0to0act0happens0while0paralyzed0with0horr
or0-0body/brain0"freeze"0→0dissociate0to0avoid0physical/emotional0pain
Post-Traumatic0Stress0Disorder0(PTSD)0-0ans✔Develops0in0response0to0a0shocking/
scary/dangerous0event
Symptoms:0disturbing0thoughts/feelings/dreams0related0to0events,0mental/
physical0distress0to0trauma-related0cues
Neurologically,0PTSD0characterized0by:0hyperarousal,0dissociation,0attempts0to0avoid0t
rauma-related0cues,0negative0changes0in0thinking0and0mood,0increase0in0fight-or-
flight0response
Dissociative0aspect0of0trauma0-
0ans✔The0trauma0experience0entails0urge0to0take0action0(fight0or0flight)0@0same0time0
that0one0is0paralyzed0by0helplessness
-0Sense0of0horror0"frozen"0in0body0→0person0dissociates
As0a0result,0little/no0connections0form
between0neocortex0&0memory
storage/emotional0centers0(e.g.,0amygdala)
PTSD0associated0with0over-
activation0of0brain's0opioid0system0→0numbing0of0feelings,0sense0of0being0cut0off
from0life/concern0about0others'0feelings
Psychotherapeutic0treatment0for0PTSD0may0take0the0form0of...0-0ans✔20forms:
1)0Cognitive0behavioral0therapy:0patient0retells/
reconstructs0story0of0trauma0in0safe0environment0(play0therapy0for0children)
2)0Somatic0therapies:
,-0In0trauma,0sense0of0horror0gets0"frozen"0in0body0→0person0dissociates
-
0Somatic0therapies0like0bioenergetics,0sensorimotor0psychotherapy,0EMDR0focus0on0h
elping0clients...
0−0Reconnect0w/emotions0by0reconnecting0w/body
0−0Express0frozen0emotions0to0foster0emotional0release,0heal0trauma.0Ex:0Pat0Ogden0
case
-0Mindfulness0therapy0for0treatment0of0trauma0may0work0similarly
★0Case0examples0of0traumatic0memories0getting0frozen0in0body
Cognitive0Behavioral0Therapy0(CBT)0-0ans✔Patient0asked0to0retell/
reconstruct0story0of0trauma0in0safe0environment0(play0therapy0for0children)
-0Story0should0include0emotional0reactions0experienced0+0events
-
0Goal:0put0entire0memory0into0words0to0capture0dissociated0parts0from0conscious0reca
ll
-0Memories0are0thereby0brought0more0under0control0of0neocortex0-
0reactions0they0kindle0can0be0more0manageable
-0Also,0retelling0story0in0safety/
security,0with0trusted0therapist0enables0security0rather0than0terror0to0be0associated/
connected0to0trauma0memories
May0need0to0focus0more0on0Cognitive0Behavior0Therapy,0relaxation0techniques,0or0ph
ysical0exercise0initially,0esp0in0cases0of0severe0trauma
Somatic0therapies0(methods,0goals,0example)0-
0ans✔Bioenergetics,0sensorimotor0psychotherapy,0EMDR
In0trauma,0horror0gets0"frozen"0in0body0→0person0dissociates.0Somatic0therapies0focu
s0on0helping0clients...
−0Reconnect0w/those0emotions0by0reconnecting0with0the0body
−0Express0frozen0emotions0as0a0way0to0foster0emotional0release0&0heal0trauma
Ex:0Pat0Ogden0case
Mindfulness0therapy0for0treatment0of0trauma0may0work0in0a0similar0way
★0Case0examples0of0traumatic0memories0getting0frozen0in0body
Early0Philosophers'0Views0of0the0Self0-0ans✔West(ancient0Greeks)/
East0early0philosophers0primarily0interested0in0questions:
−0How0does0one0lead0a0good0life?
−0How0does0one0find0meaning0in0life?
Concern:0thinking0what0is0the0real0self0&0how0to0merge0with0that,0no0distinction0btwn0
philosophy/religion
,Not0interested0in0questions0about0self0that0modern0people0focus0on0-0"Who0am0I"...
−0What0is0my0personality0like?0What0are0my
memories,0goals,0interests?
−0What0is0the0self?0Where0is0it0in0the0brain?
Plato's0dualistic0view0-
0ans✔•0Universe0=0ordinary0dusty0world0+0higher0realm0of0ideal0perfection0-
0the0Forms
−0Forms0=0truth,0beauty,0moral0goodness,0eudaimonia0(deeply0meaningful0happiness),
0etc.0→0point0towards0a0higher0dimension0-0nothing0in0ordinary0world0can0explain
So0there0is...
−0Apparent0world0of0concrete0objects,0grasped0by0the0senses,0constantly0changing
−0Forms:0unchanging,0unseen0world0of0abstract0objects0grasped0by0reason
➜0World0is0mere0shadows0of0the0Forms
Intellect0is0immaterial0because0Forms0are0immaterial,0intellect0must0have0affinity0w/
Forms0it0apprehends
★0Emphasis0in0Platonic0philosophy0was0on0higher0world0of0Forms0to0which
real0self0belongs0&0merging0with0that
The0mind-body0problem0-
0ans✔Central0issue0to0question0of0"What0is0the0self?":0=0mind-body0problem:
-0What0is0the0relationship0between0mind0and0body/brain?
-0Alt:0What0is0relationship0between0mental0and0physical0properties?
Physical0properties:0public0-0equally0observable0by0anyone
-0Some0require0appropriate0equipment,0e.g.,0electron0microscope
Mental0properties:0conscious0mental0events0are0private0to0beholder0-
0have0a0privileged0access0that0no0one0else0has
-0I0may0be0able0to0tell0you0are0in0pain,0but0only0you0can0feel0directly
-0Only0you0know0how0something0looks0to0you;0I0can0only0guess
Different0viewpoints0which0developed0in0Western0philosophy0-
0ans✔Monism:0materialism0(behaviorism,0mind-
brain0identity0theory,0functionalism,0computational0theory0of0mind),0idealism,0transcend
ental0idealism
Dualism:
Monism0-0ans✔Only0one0kind0of0substance0in0the0universe
Ex:0
-0Materialism:0everything0that0exists0is0physical:0behaviorism,0mind-
brain0identity0theory,0functionalism,0computational0theory0of0mind
, -0Idealism:0everything0is0actually0mind,0including0material0world
-
0Transcendental0idealism:0subtype0of0idealism0that0integrates0idealism0with0empiricism
,0which0emphasizes0importance0of0sensory0experience
Materialism0-0ans✔Materialism:0All0things0-0including0mind0-0are0physical
-0Mental0states0are0just0physical0states
-0Mind0is0just0the0brain0-0everything
that0happens0in0the0mind0is0happening0in0the0brain
-
0Aristotle:0brain0is0like0lump0of0clay;0the0different0thoughts0mind0can0take0on0during0pa
tterns0of0activity0are0like0shapes0clay0can0assume
-0Most0cognitive0scientists0today0hold0this0view
-0Examples0of0materialism:0behaviorism,0mind-
brain0identity0theory,0functionalism,0computational0theory0of0mind
Idealism0-0ans✔Everything0-0including0the0material0world0-0is0actually0mind
George0Berkeley0(1685-1753):0one0of0most0famous0idealistic0philosophers
-0Everything0you0can0know0is0actually0mental
−0Everything0else0colored0by0perception.0Ex:0How0would0you0know0if0what0you0percei
ve0as0blue0is0what0other0people0perceive0as0red?
Subtype:0Transcendental0idealism:0subtype0of0idealism0that0integrates0idealism0with0e
mpiricism,0which0emphasizes0importance0of0sensory0experience
Transcendental0idealism0-0ans✔Subtype0of0idealism0-
0integrates0idealism0with0empiricism,0emphasizes0importance0of0sensory0experience
Immanuel0Kant0(1724-1804):0transcendental0idealist
−0Wanted0to0find0more0balanced0position0combining0empiricism/rationalism/idealism
−0Emphasized0observation0-
0examining0what0is0revealed0by0sensory0experience0and0reason,0also0held0that0there0
are0categories0and0structures0from0the0mind0("add-
ons")0that0are0imposed0on0perceptions
−0Anticipated0modern0cognitive0science
Monism0>0Idealism
Dualism0-0ans✔Theory0that0mental0&0physical0-0or0mind0&0body/brain0-
0are0different0kinds0of0things
Both0mental0&0physical0are0real0-
0neither0can0be0assimilated0to0the0other.0Ex:0belief0in0a0soul0that0is0distinct0and0separ
ate0from0body
-0Few0cognitive0scientists0are0dualists
AND ANSWERS
Dissociation0from0the0Self0-0ans✔Dissociation/
dissociative0disorders0often0linked0to0trauma
During0traumatic0experiences,0intense0desire0to0act0happens0while0paralyzed0with0horr
or0-0body/brain0"freeze"0→0dissociate0to0avoid0physical/emotional0pain
Post-Traumatic0Stress0Disorder0(PTSD)0-0ans✔Develops0in0response0to0a0shocking/
scary/dangerous0event
Symptoms:0disturbing0thoughts/feelings/dreams0related0to0events,0mental/
physical0distress0to0trauma-related0cues
Neurologically,0PTSD0characterized0by:0hyperarousal,0dissociation,0attempts0to0avoid0t
rauma-related0cues,0negative0changes0in0thinking0and0mood,0increase0in0fight-or-
flight0response
Dissociative0aspect0of0trauma0-
0ans✔The0trauma0experience0entails0urge0to0take0action0(fight0or0flight)0@0same0time0
that0one0is0paralyzed0by0helplessness
-0Sense0of0horror0"frozen"0in0body0→0person0dissociates
As0a0result,0little/no0connections0form
between0neocortex0&0memory
storage/emotional0centers0(e.g.,0amygdala)
PTSD0associated0with0over-
activation0of0brain's0opioid0system0→0numbing0of0feelings,0sense0of0being0cut0off
from0life/concern0about0others'0feelings
Psychotherapeutic0treatment0for0PTSD0may0take0the0form0of...0-0ans✔20forms:
1)0Cognitive0behavioral0therapy:0patient0retells/
reconstructs0story0of0trauma0in0safe0environment0(play0therapy0for0children)
2)0Somatic0therapies:
,-0In0trauma,0sense0of0horror0gets0"frozen"0in0body0→0person0dissociates
-
0Somatic0therapies0like0bioenergetics,0sensorimotor0psychotherapy,0EMDR0focus0on0h
elping0clients...
0−0Reconnect0w/emotions0by0reconnecting0w/body
0−0Express0frozen0emotions0to0foster0emotional0release,0heal0trauma.0Ex:0Pat0Ogden0
case
-0Mindfulness0therapy0for0treatment0of0trauma0may0work0similarly
★0Case0examples0of0traumatic0memories0getting0frozen0in0body
Cognitive0Behavioral0Therapy0(CBT)0-0ans✔Patient0asked0to0retell/
reconstruct0story0of0trauma0in0safe0environment0(play0therapy0for0children)
-0Story0should0include0emotional0reactions0experienced0+0events
-
0Goal:0put0entire0memory0into0words0to0capture0dissociated0parts0from0conscious0reca
ll
-0Memories0are0thereby0brought0more0under0control0of0neocortex0-
0reactions0they0kindle0can0be0more0manageable
-0Also,0retelling0story0in0safety/
security,0with0trusted0therapist0enables0security0rather0than0terror0to0be0associated/
connected0to0trauma0memories
May0need0to0focus0more0on0Cognitive0Behavior0Therapy,0relaxation0techniques,0or0ph
ysical0exercise0initially,0esp0in0cases0of0severe0trauma
Somatic0therapies0(methods,0goals,0example)0-
0ans✔Bioenergetics,0sensorimotor0psychotherapy,0EMDR
In0trauma,0horror0gets0"frozen"0in0body0→0person0dissociates.0Somatic0therapies0focu
s0on0helping0clients...
−0Reconnect0w/those0emotions0by0reconnecting0with0the0body
−0Express0frozen0emotions0as0a0way0to0foster0emotional0release0&0heal0trauma
Ex:0Pat0Ogden0case
Mindfulness0therapy0for0treatment0of0trauma0may0work0in0a0similar0way
★0Case0examples0of0traumatic0memories0getting0frozen0in0body
Early0Philosophers'0Views0of0the0Self0-0ans✔West(ancient0Greeks)/
East0early0philosophers0primarily0interested0in0questions:
−0How0does0one0lead0a0good0life?
−0How0does0one0find0meaning0in0life?
Concern:0thinking0what0is0the0real0self0&0how0to0merge0with0that,0no0distinction0btwn0
philosophy/religion
,Not0interested0in0questions0about0self0that0modern0people0focus0on0-0"Who0am0I"...
−0What0is0my0personality0like?0What0are0my
memories,0goals,0interests?
−0What0is0the0self?0Where0is0it0in0the0brain?
Plato's0dualistic0view0-
0ans✔•0Universe0=0ordinary0dusty0world0+0higher0realm0of0ideal0perfection0-
0the0Forms
−0Forms0=0truth,0beauty,0moral0goodness,0eudaimonia0(deeply0meaningful0happiness),
0etc.0→0point0towards0a0higher0dimension0-0nothing0in0ordinary0world0can0explain
So0there0is...
−0Apparent0world0of0concrete0objects,0grasped0by0the0senses,0constantly0changing
−0Forms:0unchanging,0unseen0world0of0abstract0objects0grasped0by0reason
➜0World0is0mere0shadows0of0the0Forms
Intellect0is0immaterial0because0Forms0are0immaterial,0intellect0must0have0affinity0w/
Forms0it0apprehends
★0Emphasis0in0Platonic0philosophy0was0on0higher0world0of0Forms0to0which
real0self0belongs0&0merging0with0that
The0mind-body0problem0-
0ans✔Central0issue0to0question0of0"What0is0the0self?":0=0mind-body0problem:
-0What0is0the0relationship0between0mind0and0body/brain?
-0Alt:0What0is0relationship0between0mental0and0physical0properties?
Physical0properties:0public0-0equally0observable0by0anyone
-0Some0require0appropriate0equipment,0e.g.,0electron0microscope
Mental0properties:0conscious0mental0events0are0private0to0beholder0-
0have0a0privileged0access0that0no0one0else0has
-0I0may0be0able0to0tell0you0are0in0pain,0but0only0you0can0feel0directly
-0Only0you0know0how0something0looks0to0you;0I0can0only0guess
Different0viewpoints0which0developed0in0Western0philosophy0-
0ans✔Monism:0materialism0(behaviorism,0mind-
brain0identity0theory,0functionalism,0computational0theory0of0mind),0idealism,0transcend
ental0idealism
Dualism:
Monism0-0ans✔Only0one0kind0of0substance0in0the0universe
Ex:0
-0Materialism:0everything0that0exists0is0physical:0behaviorism,0mind-
brain0identity0theory,0functionalism,0computational0theory0of0mind
, -0Idealism:0everything0is0actually0mind,0including0material0world
-
0Transcendental0idealism:0subtype0of0idealism0that0integrates0idealism0with0empiricism
,0which0emphasizes0importance0of0sensory0experience
Materialism0-0ans✔Materialism:0All0things0-0including0mind0-0are0physical
-0Mental0states0are0just0physical0states
-0Mind0is0just0the0brain0-0everything
that0happens0in0the0mind0is0happening0in0the0brain
-
0Aristotle:0brain0is0like0lump0of0clay;0the0different0thoughts0mind0can0take0on0during0pa
tterns0of0activity0are0like0shapes0clay0can0assume
-0Most0cognitive0scientists0today0hold0this0view
-0Examples0of0materialism:0behaviorism,0mind-
brain0identity0theory,0functionalism,0computational0theory0of0mind
Idealism0-0ans✔Everything0-0including0the0material0world0-0is0actually0mind
George0Berkeley0(1685-1753):0one0of0most0famous0idealistic0philosophers
-0Everything0you0can0know0is0actually0mental
−0Everything0else0colored0by0perception.0Ex:0How0would0you0know0if0what0you0percei
ve0as0blue0is0what0other0people0perceive0as0red?
Subtype:0Transcendental0idealism:0subtype0of0idealism0that0integrates0idealism0with0e
mpiricism,0which0emphasizes0importance0of0sensory0experience
Transcendental0idealism0-0ans✔Subtype0of0idealism0-
0integrates0idealism0with0empiricism,0emphasizes0importance0of0sensory0experience
Immanuel0Kant0(1724-1804):0transcendental0idealist
−0Wanted0to0find0more0balanced0position0combining0empiricism/rationalism/idealism
−0Emphasized0observation0-
0examining0what0is0revealed0by0sensory0experience0and0reason,0also0held0that0there0
are0categories0and0structures0from0the0mind0("add-
ons")0that0are0imposed0on0perceptions
−0Anticipated0modern0cognitive0science
Monism0>0Idealism
Dualism0-0ans✔Theory0that0mental0&0physical0-0or0mind0&0body/brain0-
0are0different0kinds0of0things
Both0mental0&0physical0are0real0-
0neither0can0be0assimilated0to0the0other.0Ex:0belief0in0a0soul0that0is0distinct0and0separ
ate0from0body
-0Few0cognitive0scientists0are0dualists
