PSYC 388 Intro to Counselling Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update
2025/2026
Frank Parsons - Answers Founder of the vocational guidance and counseling profession, used
groups to facilitate career and vocational development.
Clifford Beers - Answers Wrote book on his experience with mental illness
Clarence Hincks - Answers Founded the Canadian Mental health Association (1918)
Trait-And-Factor Counseling - Answers Problem-solving approach to vocational counselling
where students are taught the skills they need to get jobs
5 Life Tasks of the Wellness Model - Answers Spirituality
Self-Direction
Work and Leisure
Friendship
Love
Social Justice - Answers justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and
privileges within a society.
Rollo May's Wounded Healer - Answers People who have through hurt gained insight into
themselves and the world, and can help others overcome emotional problems
Lynn Schecter - Answers Worked through 911 and Hurricane Katrina with the help of a support
system
Levels of Helping - Answers Nonprofessional (Friends and Colleagues)
Paraprofessional (Mental Health Technicians)
Professional (Counsellors etc)
Four Models of Attribution - Answers Medical: Cause X Solution X
Counsellor as Expert
Moral: Cause Y Solution Y
Counsellor as Coach
,Compensatory: Cause X Solution Y
Counsellor as Teacher
Enlightenment: Cause Y Solution X
Counsellor as Authority
STIPS (Prieto and Schaal) - Answers Often used in training
Signs and symtopms
Topics discussed in Counselling
Interventions used
Progress and continuing plan
Special issues of importance
Ethics vs Morality - Answers Ethics: Principles and Standards
Morality: Evaluation or a Judgment
5 Types of Ethical Dilemmas - Answers Confidentiality
Role Conflict
Counsellor Competence
Conflicts with Employer/Institution
Degree of Dangerousness
Fundamental Ethical Principles - Answers Beneficience
, Fidelity
Non-maleficience
Autonomy
Justice
Social Interest
Legal Considerations - Answers Confidentiality
Privacy
Privileged Communication
etic perspective - Answers universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally generalizable
emic perspective - Answers Counselling approaches must be culturally specific
Acculturation - Answers the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
Over-culturalizing - Answers Mistaking reactions to poverty and discrimination for the cultural
pattern
Core competencies of Culturally-Infused Counselling - Answers Cultural Self-Awareness
Awareness of Client Identities
Culturally sensitive working alliance
The Two Struggles in Building a Counselling Relationship - Answers Struggle for Structure
2025/2026
Frank Parsons - Answers Founder of the vocational guidance and counseling profession, used
groups to facilitate career and vocational development.
Clifford Beers - Answers Wrote book on his experience with mental illness
Clarence Hincks - Answers Founded the Canadian Mental health Association (1918)
Trait-And-Factor Counseling - Answers Problem-solving approach to vocational counselling
where students are taught the skills they need to get jobs
5 Life Tasks of the Wellness Model - Answers Spirituality
Self-Direction
Work and Leisure
Friendship
Love
Social Justice - Answers justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and
privileges within a society.
Rollo May's Wounded Healer - Answers People who have through hurt gained insight into
themselves and the world, and can help others overcome emotional problems
Lynn Schecter - Answers Worked through 911 and Hurricane Katrina with the help of a support
system
Levels of Helping - Answers Nonprofessional (Friends and Colleagues)
Paraprofessional (Mental Health Technicians)
Professional (Counsellors etc)
Four Models of Attribution - Answers Medical: Cause X Solution X
Counsellor as Expert
Moral: Cause Y Solution Y
Counsellor as Coach
,Compensatory: Cause X Solution Y
Counsellor as Teacher
Enlightenment: Cause Y Solution X
Counsellor as Authority
STIPS (Prieto and Schaal) - Answers Often used in training
Signs and symtopms
Topics discussed in Counselling
Interventions used
Progress and continuing plan
Special issues of importance
Ethics vs Morality - Answers Ethics: Principles and Standards
Morality: Evaluation or a Judgment
5 Types of Ethical Dilemmas - Answers Confidentiality
Role Conflict
Counsellor Competence
Conflicts with Employer/Institution
Degree of Dangerousness
Fundamental Ethical Principles - Answers Beneficience
, Fidelity
Non-maleficience
Autonomy
Justice
Social Interest
Legal Considerations - Answers Confidentiality
Privacy
Privileged Communication
etic perspective - Answers universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally generalizable
emic perspective - Answers Counselling approaches must be culturally specific
Acculturation - Answers the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
Over-culturalizing - Answers Mistaking reactions to poverty and discrimination for the cultural
pattern
Core competencies of Culturally-Infused Counselling - Answers Cultural Self-Awareness
Awareness of Client Identities
Culturally sensitive working alliance
The Two Struggles in Building a Counselling Relationship - Answers Struggle for Structure
