Test Bank 2 For Concise Introduction to
Linguistics 4th Edition
Phonetics - answers study of speech sounds
Phonology - answers the study of sound systems and patterns in a language
Vowels - answers sounds produced without constriction of airflow; classified by tongue
height, tongue position and lip rounding
Consonants - answers sounds produced with constriction in the vocal tract
Classification of English consonants - answers voicing, place of articulation, manner of
articulation
types of English vowels - answers monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs
Phoneme - answers the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning
phone - answers any speech sound
allophone - answers variant production of a phoneme that do not change meaning
Syllable - answers a unit of speech with one vowel sound, with or without surrounding
consonants
types of syllables - answers Open (ends in vowel) and closed (ends in consonant)
syllabic consonants - answers when consonants take on the role of vowels
English phonotactics - answers rules governing permissible sound combinations in a
language (e.g. str- is allowed, but zdl- is not)
word - answers a minimal free form of language that carries meaning and can stand
alone
simplex words - answers monomorphemic; single morpheme (e.g. book)
complex words - answers multiple morphemes (e.g. bookshelves)
morpheme - answers the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function
, types of morphemes - answers free, bound, lexical, grammatical
lexical morpheme - answers content words (e.g. run)
grammatical morpheme - answers word or ending of a word that makes a sentence
grammatical (functional elements)
bound morpheme - answers cannot stand alone (e.g. -s)
free morpheme - answers can stand alone (e.g. cat)
untypical morphemes - answers zero morpheme, cranberry morpheme, empty
morpheme
zero morpheme - answers a morpheme with no phonological form (e.g. plural sheep)
cranberry morpheme - answers found only in specific words (e.g. cran- in cranberry)
empty morpheme - answers no clear meaning but part of a structure (e.g. -o- in
speedometer)
allomorphs - answers variants of a morpheme depending on context (e.g. plural -s in
cats, dogs, horses)
derivation - answers forms new words (e.g. happy --> happiness)
inflection - answers changes grammatical form (e.g. walk --> walked)
morphological word-formation processes - answers affixation, compounding, back-
formation, internal modification, conversion
affixation - answers adding prefixes or suffixes
compounding - answers combining words (e.g. toothbrush)
back-formation - answers removing affixes (e.g. editor --> edit)
internal modification - answers changing sounds within a word (e.g. sing --> sang)
conversion - answers changing a word's category without changing its form (e.g. noun:
Google --> verb: to Google)
word-manufacturing processes - answers clipping, blending, acronymisation, coinage,
eponyms, analogy, onomatopoeia
clipping - answers shortening words (e.g. refrigerator --> fridge)
Linguistics 4th Edition
Phonetics - answers study of speech sounds
Phonology - answers the study of sound systems and patterns in a language
Vowels - answers sounds produced without constriction of airflow; classified by tongue
height, tongue position and lip rounding
Consonants - answers sounds produced with constriction in the vocal tract
Classification of English consonants - answers voicing, place of articulation, manner of
articulation
types of English vowels - answers monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs
Phoneme - answers the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning
phone - answers any speech sound
allophone - answers variant production of a phoneme that do not change meaning
Syllable - answers a unit of speech with one vowel sound, with or without surrounding
consonants
types of syllables - answers Open (ends in vowel) and closed (ends in consonant)
syllabic consonants - answers when consonants take on the role of vowels
English phonotactics - answers rules governing permissible sound combinations in a
language (e.g. str- is allowed, but zdl- is not)
word - answers a minimal free form of language that carries meaning and can stand
alone
simplex words - answers monomorphemic; single morpheme (e.g. book)
complex words - answers multiple morphemes (e.g. bookshelves)
morpheme - answers the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function
, types of morphemes - answers free, bound, lexical, grammatical
lexical morpheme - answers content words (e.g. run)
grammatical morpheme - answers word or ending of a word that makes a sentence
grammatical (functional elements)
bound morpheme - answers cannot stand alone (e.g. -s)
free morpheme - answers can stand alone (e.g. cat)
untypical morphemes - answers zero morpheme, cranberry morpheme, empty
morpheme
zero morpheme - answers a morpheme with no phonological form (e.g. plural sheep)
cranberry morpheme - answers found only in specific words (e.g. cran- in cranberry)
empty morpheme - answers no clear meaning but part of a structure (e.g. -o- in
speedometer)
allomorphs - answers variants of a morpheme depending on context (e.g. plural -s in
cats, dogs, horses)
derivation - answers forms new words (e.g. happy --> happiness)
inflection - answers changes grammatical form (e.g. walk --> walked)
morphological word-formation processes - answers affixation, compounding, back-
formation, internal modification, conversion
affixation - answers adding prefixes or suffixes
compounding - answers combining words (e.g. toothbrush)
back-formation - answers removing affixes (e.g. editor --> edit)
internal modification - answers changing sounds within a word (e.g. sing --> sang)
conversion - answers changing a word's category without changing its form (e.g. noun:
Google --> verb: to Google)
word-manufacturing processes - answers clipping, blending, acronymisation, coinage,
eponyms, analogy, onomatopoeia
clipping - answers shortening words (e.g. refrigerator --> fridge)
